Explanatory Memorandum to COM(1976)676 - Bird conservation (submitted to the Council by the Commission) - Main contents
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| dossier | COM(1976)676 - Bird conservation (submitted to the Council by the Commission). |
|---|---|
| source | COM(1976)676  |
| date | 17-12-1976 |
COLLECTION RELIEE DES DOCUMENTS 'COM'
COM (76)676
Vol. 1976/0204
Disclaimer
Conformement au reglement (CEE, Euratom) n° 354/83 du Conseil du ler fevrier 1983 concernant I’ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communaute economique europeenne et de la Communaute europeenne de I’energie atomique (JO L 43 du 15.2.1983, p.
1), tel que modifie par le reglement (CE, Euratom) n° 1700/2003 du 22 septembre 2003 (JO L 243 du 27.9.2003, p.
1), ce dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas echeant, les documents classifies presents dans ce dossier ont ete declassifies conformement a I’article 5 dudit reglement.
In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 concerning the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15.2.1983, p.
1), as amended by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1700/2003 of 22 September 2003 (OJ L 243, 27.9.2003, p.
1), this file is open to the public. Where necessary, classified documents in this file have been declassified in conformity with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation.
In Obereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1. Februar 1983 uber die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europaischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europaischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15.2.1983, S.
1), geandert durch die Verordnung (EG, Euratom) Nr. 1700/2003 vom 22. September 2003 (ABI. L 243 vom 27.9.2003, S.
1), ist diese Datei der Offentlichkeit zuganglich. Soweit erforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in dieser Datei in Obereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 der genannten Verordnung freigegeben.
Contents
- C0H'7S) 676 final Brussels, 20 December 197o
- I. Introduction
- , ; . One consequence which has already been observed is that the
- ; r No C 112, 20 December 1973
- III Comments on the Directive . •
- the rational use and management and the long-term protection of '
- This provision is contained in Article 8. •
- It should be added that the results of these activities will bring
- Raving regard, to the Treaty establishing the European Economic' Community, and in particulsir Articles 100 and 235 thereof}
- Having regard to the proposal .from the Commission}
- HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE*
- 1. This Directive relates to the conservation of all species of
- 2. It shall apply to birds and their young, eggs, nests and
- Article 2
- . ' Article 3
- 1. The species listed in Annex I shall be the subject of more '
- appropriate areas as special protected areas. '
- ' after consulting the Commission, take similar measures
- in the special protected areas referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2
- Article 8
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- , ' the Council has not acted, the proposed measure? shall be adopted
- Article l6
- Article 17
- 1-----
- Sittelle corse
- Corsican ITuthatch Korsikanischer
- Elassgans
- Steinhuhn
- Pigeon ramier
- Anas platjrhynchos Lagopus lagopus Alectoris rufa
Proposal for a COUNCIL DIR'.;CTI1/1]
on. bird conservation
(submitted to the Council by the Commission)
C0II(76) 676 final
IXPI/USATGHY MiaiQRANDTTI
This Directive is a measure to harmonize national laws untjLer the European Communities* action programme.on the environment1• It also is a response to the wishes expres sed repeatedly by the European Parliament, in particular in its Resolution of 21 February 1975f and 'the wishes of a broad section of public opinion indicated in the numerous petitions and letters addressed to the Commission on this subjecx.
From the studies which the Commission has had carried out to ascertain the precise nature of the problems and find she best solutions, and from the work published by the international organizations studying these problems, such as the Council of Europe, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the International Council for Bird Protection ard. the International Waterfowl Research Bureau; it is clear that the situation of some 400 species of birds observed regularly in the territory of the Member States is giving rise to serious problems for several reasons.
The principal finding* of these scientific studies which is also a sign that profoundly important changes are taking place, is the fall in the number of species observed and, for many of them, a decline in their population. It must be stressed in this connection that some sixty species are currently in danger of extinction, whilst not even one-third of the species show normal, reproduction rates. This is due both to trapping and killing and to environmental conditions which no longer enable those species to survive and reproduce.
The reduction in the number of species and in their population
constitutes a serious threat to the preservation of the natural environasn environment as, the biological equilibria to which those species ■ belong are being dicimpjrad or destroyed. The chain reactions which
' . ■ result from such trends are difficult to forecast accurately and it
> is not easy to find satisfactory ways of combating them permanently.
* , regulating biological mechanisms are being weakened or are
.j disappearing. This means that increased use must be made of
d . artificial "chemical” means of controlling certain pests, such as
4$ ; insects and rodents, which could have serious side-effects not only
• on wildlife species not deliberately attacked by pest-control methods,
•; : but also on human health.
K . ,i . ' -- - ------ -- - r- - - '
; • 2Doc.243/75 (Ass.122) of 24.2.1975 1
There are many reasons for this state of affairs; they may he divided into two groups.. ... , ...
Firstly, there are those measures which affect the habitat.. ..
Wildlife cannot he preserved without adequate space tor the . survival and reproduction of the species. By direct interference, by changing the nature of the biotypes or by reducing the spread and total area of zones suitable for wildlife, many rural and - . agricultural development operations, civil engineering works,, the development of coasts and estuaries, have a decisive impact on the population level of bird species... This is particularly important in the case of species dependent on specific habitats such as wetlands or woodlands. The pollution of the habitats i3 also an important -factor determining the level of the bird population.
A second .group of activities may exert cn extremely important . influence on the level cf the bird population: the pressures .of hunting. The destructive effect is magnified out of all., proportion by the use of mass or non-selective slaughtering methods.
II. national legislation on bird protection and hunting ,
Birds are formally protected by national legislation in force in
. seven Member States, either by nature protection laws or by hunting ' •. lav/s. France and Italy, which have no such provisions, are drawing ■ up measures along these lines. The principle behind the current • .-regulations -applying to birds may be summarized as follows: all bird • species are protected apart from a number of exceptions covered by , special provisions. ‘-'....s.- i pro..- o . . v;; 1 fjr. •. '• t .rh:s
These provisions deal mainly with game birds which may be hunted and which are covered by hunting regulations. Inceptions aro also made in the case of various species that are considered harmful. Where this distinction is not made, exemptions may be granted from the. rites of protection to avoid detrimental effects to economic activities, in particular agriculture. - -
The methods for implementing this principle, andptht&isp&eies to which ,■ the regulations do not apply, vary widely from one country to
another. .It is particularly important to remember this fact. considering that many of the 400 or so species of birds observed in the territory of the Member States are-migrant species which move . from one. place '.to^another# various, stages of their biological cycle. Migrant Species also account for a high proportion of all the species which may be hunted under hunting legislation. Furthermore, hunting practices are governed by requirements \4iich vary from one Member State to another, and this of course means that the pressures of , hunting are different. It would thus be ppintless to try,to protect species within restricted areas; On the contrary, the size of the territory covered by the Community is better suited to a consistent and therefore effective conservation programme.
3*- The trade in birds is one import ant aspect of national legislation, particularly trade in dead game birds and in live birds of certain species. The differing laws of the Member States in this field are likely to affect trade between Member States and therefore have, a direct effect on the functioning-of the Common I-Iarket. This is why any harmonization of legislation must be accompanied by Community action for the protection, conservation and management of all species of wild bird regularly observed in the territory of the Member States; such action would fall within the scope of Article 235 of the Treaty. In accordance with the provisions of Articles 100 and 235 of the EEC Treaty, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee must be consulted*, . - '
The overall approach and scope of the Directive are described in Article 1. The Directive is designed to be a means of carrying out a conservation policy. The concept of conservation implies
. natural resources. At the sarnie time it implies that, the natural .. balance of the species should be maintained and restored. The Directive applies to brids living in the wild (as opposed to .. domestic species) , and which are regularly observed in the territory of the Member States (as opposed to species introduced by man and those which are rare visitors). Account has, indeed been taken at this stage only of the situation of species observed regularly in
. the European territory of the Member States. . .
The general objective dfuthe Directive is defined in Article. 2. The aim of the measures proposed in the Directive is to maintain the • numbers of the various species at a level compatible with certain requirements - ecological, economic, recreational and scientific.
The principle behind the measures is to find a satisfactory level, bearing in mind not just one criteria such as protection, but a number of different criteria. In pursuit of this objective, the Directive contains provisions concerning the principal factors which affect the bird population level, adapted, where appropriate, to
the situation of certain species. It also provides for fluctuations in population levels to be assessed.
The Directive introduces a system of protection applicable to all species of bird, except for those expressly named for which a special system is provided. The need for such a general protection system was revealed by the convergent views arrived at by
' ornithologists in their studies, both those published by the ' Commissions and those made by the international organisations referred to earlier. “ ' ' ■
The proposed measures relate to three fields: birds* habitats, the capture and killing of birds, and trade in birds. Article 3 aims at retaining an adequate diversity and total area of bird habitats, as required by their ethological needs especially at the crucial reproduction stage. .
Article 5 aims at protecting bird populations from all direct attacks . on then, by man: capture and .killing by any methods 'whatsoever are prohibited, as are the collection of eggs and the destruction of nests.
Ajrticle 6 aims at removing commercial pressures iii cases where . capture and killing are authorized. Trade is authorized only in certain game species listed in Annex III. This Annex is based on throe principles: the special situation of migratory species, the ■
' possibility of breeding in captivity to offset the pressures of . ■ hunting, and the risks of a supplementary pressure on the level of the,
population of the species which result from trade.
Because of the special situation of certain species, Article 4 provides for additional measures to protect the habitats. Th5se measures relate to rare species of those in danger of extinction, on tho one hand, and to migratory birds, on the other. Annex I lists the species regarded as rare or in danger of extinction for the purposes of this Directive. The Annex was drawn up in the light of the need for special protection measures at Community level to cover the European territory cf the Member States. Each Member State will designate and manage, as special protection areas, those areas most suitable for the survival and. reproduction of those species, taking into account the special requirements of migratory birds. There must be a coherent Community network of such areas, which is why the Commission is to be consulted. Finally, it is stipulated that any pollution, deteriorar,ion of the habitat of disturbance of birds which has a significant effect in respect of the objectives of these special , protection measures must bo prevented. This provision is a logical and necessary supplement ensuring that the special measures to protect , the habitat make a fully effective contribution. '
Exceptions .to the ban on the killing and capturing of birds are provided for in two cases, (Article 7)
The first case concerns species considered as game, i.e. which may be hunted. These species are listed in Annex II (parts 1 &n<i 2).
Scientific opinion agrees that a reasonable level of harvesting can be considered as an acceptable exploitation of wildlife species, . compatible with the maintenance of the population of these species at a satisfactory level, provided that certain necessary limits are ^ established and respected.- Although hunting may be considered as one of the possible recreational uses of the natural environment, it should not conflict with the objectives of bix'd conservation laid down in this Directive. In particular,it is important to ensure that the practice of hunting, as .it derives from the application of the natural laws, complies with the principles of. wise use' and ecologically balanced control cf the species of bird, concerned. . .'
The species listed in Annex II (part l) are those for which the principle of a harvesting at a reasonable level tiiroughout the Community may he accepted in the light of the information obtained, in particular by the international organizations referred to above, about their population level in the iDuropean territo:oy of the Member States.
The species listed in Annex II, part 2 may not be regarded as game species except in the Member States fcr which they are mentioned.
The second category of exceptions concerns species which are likely to cause damage. It should be noted that this concerns npicauiyvrhion dumagektdyetonomieeadtiivyties I+ch as agriculture but also anjr effect which may be detrimental to other wildlife species. The information available on the population level of these species, and the fact that damage occurs fairly regularly, have led to the principle of exceptions to article $, points (a) and (b), for these species. This • provision is not intended to cover all cases of substantial damage by birds but simply the most frequent and widespread cases of damage.
As far as these two categories of- species are concerned, the Member States may, if they v.ish, refrain from allowing any exception to the general protection rules in respect of certain species. It is laid down that the use of large-scale and/or non-selective capturing end slaughtering merhods is prohibited for these two lists of' exceptions.
A non-exhaustive list draws attention to the worst of these methods.
The exceptions contained in Article 7 refer to basic situations, not specific cases.
Because of the possible importance of some specific situations,
Article 9 provides for the possibility of derogations to meat particular problems. To prevent any circumventing of the objectives of this Directive, or. inconsistent invoking of thasgadauagations, provision is made for suitable supervision by the Commission or, where appropriate, by the Council. *
Article 10 deals with the research activities to be conducted under
• the Directive. Enforcement of the Directive, involves the pursuit of scientific activities as a necessary basis for the protection, . management and wise use of bird populations and as a means for assessing the effect of the measures taken. In this respect, coordination of activities and cooperation with the international organizations are particularly important..5 ■
. • knowledge about the situation of birds up to date and thus form a reference basis for adapting the provisions of the. Directive■ and• in particular its Annexes, to technical and scientific progress. -
Adaptation of this type is necessary for achieving the aims of bird
conservation. Articles 13,_14 and 15 therefore propose the ■
establishment cf™a Committee for adapting the Annexes of the Directive to scientific and technical progress; the composition and eporationoef the Committee will be in accordance with the Council Resolution of 14 July 1975 on the adaptation to technical progress of Directives or
other Community rules on the protection and improvement of the environment.
<P^posal^f°r_aa_>Councl^l<><Directive on 'bird conservation
THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO ESIN COMMUNITIES,
Raving regard, to the Treaty establishing the European Economic' Community, and in particulsir Articles 100 and 235 thereof}
' . ” ‘ •, f . . .
Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament}
Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee}
Whereas the Council Declaration of 22 November 1973 on the Programme of Action of the European Communities on the Environment*' calls for. specific action to protect birds; ' '
Whereas a large number of species of wild bird in the territory of the Community are declining in number, very rapidly in some cases, and whereas this decline represents a serious threat to the conservation of the natural environment, because of the biological balances threatened thereby}
Whereas the species of wild bird in the territories of the Member States are mainly migratory species, and whereas such species con-_ stitute a common heritage and whereas effective bird protection is-' a'typically trans-frontier environment problem entailing common responsibilities; . . . . .
Whereas there are in this field certain laws, regulations'and ■ administrative provisions of the Member States with a direct impact on the operation of the common market, but whereas the requisite powers to act are not provided for. in the Treaty} _ , '
Whereas the conservation of the species of wild bird in the Member. States of the Community is necessary for the attainment, of;the common market, of the Community’s objectives regarding the improvement of. living conditions, a harmonious development of economic activities throughout. the, Community and a continuous and balanced expansion} . j . .
Whereas .the measures to be taken must apply to the various factors which may affect the numbers of birds, namely capture and killing ' by man, the trade resulting from such practices and the destruction and pollution of their habitats, and whereas the stringency of such measures should be adapted to the,particular situation of’ the ' various species within the framework of a conservation policy;
- '
O.J. No. Cl 12 of 20.12.1973, p-40 - ' ’
Whereas conservation entails the wise use and management of natural resources and their long-term protection as an integral part of the heritage of the peoples of Europe as well as the maintenance and re-establishment of the natural balances between species as far as reasonably possible; .
Whereas a reasonable level of culling through hunting represents acceptable exploitation of wildlife species compatible with maintenance of the population of these species at a satisfactory level* provided that certain limits are established and respected;
Whereas the various methods of large-scale and non-selective capture and/or killing must be banned because of the excessive pressure which they exert or may exert on the numbers of the species concerned;
Whereas, because of the importance which nay be attached to certain specific situations, particularly as regards scientific research, it is necessary to make provision, for derogations, subject to control by the Commission and the Council;
Whereas the conservation of birds and, in particular, migratory birds still presents problems which call for scientific research, and whereas such research will also make it possible to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken;
Whereas, it may be necessary to adapt the Annexes rapidly in the light of technical and scientific progress; whereas, as a means of facilitating the talcing of the measures needed for this purpose, provision should be made for a procedure establishing close cooperation between the Member States and the Commission in a Committee for Adaptation to Technical and Scientific Progress;
■ . : ■' Article 1 . ...
wild bird on the territory of the Member States, including' the protection and management thereof* ■
habitats. ; . . ■
The Member States shall take the requisite measures to maintain the population of these species at a level compatible with ecological, economic, recreational and scientific requirements.
The Member States shall take the requisite measures to maintain or restore a sufficient diversity and area of habitats for all species of wild bird. ■ • ’
Article 4 ■
stringent protection measures aimed e,t the conservation of habitats in a sufficient number of areas to ensure the survival and reproduction of these species throughout the territory of the Member States. To this end, after consulting the Commission the Member States shall designate and classify the most .
2. Each in respect of its own territory the Member States shall,
concerning migratory species in order to establish protected areas which are adequate in number and in area for the reproduction, moulting and wintering of these species and in order to provide staging points within their zones of migration. The Member States shall take the requisite measures to preserve recognized wetlands of international importance.
3. The Member States shall take appropriate measures to prevent,
. of this Article, the pollution and deterioration of habitats and the disturbance of birds, should these factors have a -significant effect having regard to the objectives of this Article. •
Subject as provided, in Article 7, the Member States shall take the requisite measures to establish a general system of legal protection for all species of wild bird, prohibiting in particulars
(a) deliberate killing or capture by any method;
(b) the deliberate destruction of nests and eggs;
(c) egg collectingo
Article 6
The Member States shall prohibit the sale, the keeping for sale and the offering for sale of live or dead birds, with the exception of dead birds of the species listed in Annex III during the periods in which they may be hunted*
. . Article 7
1* The species listed in Annex II, Part 1, may be regarded as game species throughout the Community,
2* The species listed in .Annex II, Part 2, may be regarded as game species in the Member States in respect of which they are indicated as such* .. ,
3* The species referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be subject to ■ national rules governing hunting, but without prejudice to the provisions of this Directive*
4* The Member States shall, in consultation with the Commission, ensure that the practice of hunting, as carried on in accordance with the national measures in force, complies with the principle of wise use and ecologically-balanced control of the species of bird concerned and that this practice is compatible, as regards the population of these species, in particular migratory species, with the obligations under Article 2,
5* The species listed in Annex II, Part 3, may be excluded from the provisions of Article 5 (a) and. (b). The Member States shall, however, in consultation with the Commission, ensure that the application of their provisions governing these species is compatible, as regards the population level of these species, with the obligations under Article 2* ■
1* In so far as the species referred'to in Anne:: II may be killed or captured, the Member States shall, prohibit the use of the following meant? j . ' .
- mares, limes, traps, hooks, nets, hoop-nets, poisoned or anaesthetic bait, live birds used as decoys;
- artificial light sources, mirrors, devices for illuminating targets
or arrangements serving as targets, sighting devices for night shooting comprising an electronic image magnifier or image converter; .
- semi-automatic or automatic weapons with a magazine capable of. holding more than two rounds of ammunition; . .
- pistols, revolvers, fire traps; '
- all other means, arrangements or methods used for the large-scale
and/or non-selective captiire or killing of birds or capable of causing the local disappearance of bird species* ■ ■ -
2* Furthermore, the Member States shall prohibit, as regards these species all killing or capturing from aircraft,, land motor vehicles and motor boats* . . . ■ : . .
■ Article 9 .
1. For certain specific speoies, the Member States may, in accordance with the procedure provided for in paragraph 2, derogate from the provisions of Articles 5, 6 and 8, if'there is no other satisfactory solution, for the following reasons:
(a) to prevent: serious damage to crops, forests and water, and, in , general, to economic activities; . ’
.(b) to protect indigenous flora and fauna; ■
(o) for the purpose of scientific research, and for teaching and rearing. ,
2* To this end, they shall submit such derogations to the Commission before implementation thereof, accompanied by a full statement of reasons* The Commission, by means of a decision, may at any time request that such a derogation be revoked, suspended or amended if it produces or threatens to produce consequences jeopardizing the objectives of this Directive* The Member State or States to whom such a decision is addressed may put the matter before the Council, which acting by a qualified majority shall decide if the derogation may be authorized and under what conditions* The Commission's decision shall remain valid until the Council has acted*
In consultation with the Commission, the Member States shall, as a necessary basis for the protection, management and wise use of bird populations, initiate research end appropriate measures in order to keep themselves informed concerning, inter alia; variations in bird population levels, reproductiveness and replacement rates, geographical distribution during nesting and migratory paths; hunting and its effect upon the populations of the main species; the role of certain species as indicators of pollution. . .
A-tide 11 . ■
The Member States shall forward to the Commission every two years starting from the date of notification of this Directive a report on the implementation of national provisions taken thereunder. This report shall also contain a progress report on the work referred to in Article 1C9
Annexes I, II and III to this Directive shall form an integral part thereof.
Such amendments as are necessary for adapting the Annexes to this Directive to technics,! and scientific progress shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14'
1. A Committee (hereinafter called 'the Committee'), consisting cf representatives of the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission, is hereby set up for the purpose of adapting this Directive to technical and scientific progress*
2. The Committee shall draw up its rules of procedure.
S ' 1 Article 13
1* Where the procedure laid dom in this Article is to be followed, matters shall be referred to the Committee by its Chairman, either ^ on his^own initiative or at the request of the representative of - a Member State. '
2* The Commission representative shall submit to the Committee a draft . of the measures to be taken. The Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit set by the Chairman having regard to the urgency of the matter. It shall act by a majority of 41 votes, the votes of the Member States being weighted as provided in Article 148(2) of the Treaty. The Chairman shall not vote.
3' (a) The Commission shall adopt the ^measures envisage<Lw]mr>3'~k^ in accordance with the -opinion of the Committee.
(h) Where the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the opinion of the Committee., pr in the ahsence of an opinion, the Commission shall without. Jiay rAvposcl to vh® CuaneO./
t concerning thb p^atmroo. -tio he adoptedf The Counoil shall act . by a qualified majority. . . . ’ ;
! - (c) If, within three months of the proposal being submitted ts> it,
' by the Commission. - h . ... .. • ’
1. The Member States Ehall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions- necessary to comply with this Directive within two years of its notification. They shall forthwithJjcfoi the Commission thereof. • . •
2. The Member States shall notify to the Commission the texts of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field . covered by this Directive. ' ' ;
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
!b '
| ANNEXE I | Prancais | Anglais | Allemand * |
| I* Cvgnus cygnus | Oygne sauvage | Whooper Swan | Singschwan |
| 2 t Cj yus o efri. cki i | GyynC de Bewick | Bewick’s Swan | Swergschwan |
| 3. Leant a leucopsis | Bernache nonnette | Barnacle Goose | Wei a EwS£'gba§ci&a, |
| Branta bemicla | Bemache cravant | Brent Goose | Ringelgans -l |
| 5' Nett a rufina | Nette rousse | Red-crest ed Pochard | ' 3 Kolbenente ^ % . • ' |
| o6' Ozyura leucicepliala | Erismature a ttte blanche | White-headed Duck | Ruderente ■ 4 |
| 7„ Pterodes alchata | Canga cata | Pin-tailed Sandgrouse | Spiessflugbuhn * |
| Q. Larus genei | Goeland railleur | Slinder-billed Gull | Euunschnafclige M3toe C |
| 9,> Larus audouinii | Goeland d’Audouin | Audouin’s Gull • | KorallenmfVe 4 ■i Lachs.ees chwalbe^ Rosenseeschwalbg |
| 10 o Ge.’ ophelidon nnorioa 11' Sterna dougallii | Sterne hansel Sterne de Pougall | Gull-billed Tern Roseate Tern | |
| 12* Sterna san&vicensis | Sterne caugek | .Sandwich Tern | . Brands eiachwalbg 4 Plus s e e s chwalbe^ |
| 13. Sterna hirundo | Sterne Pierregarin . | Common Tern | |
| 14. Sterna paradisaea | Sterne arotique | Artie Tern - | Kust ens e es chwalB |
| 15* Sterna alMfrons | Sterne naine | Little Tern | 2.ire rgs e es chwalbg |
| 16. Gal Imago media | Becassine double | Great Snipe | Doppelschnepfe |
| 17. Philomachus pugnaz | Chevalier combattant Ruff | Kamplaufer | |
| 18* Sudromias x-iorin-11-.^ morinellus | sPluvier guignard | BQi\tm'elmigna,rd | Momellregen- pfeifer |
| 19. Recurvi rostra avosetta | Avocette | Avocet ' | Sabelschnabler |
| 20• Eimant opus himantopus | Echasse blanche | Black-winged Stilt | Stelzenlaufer |
| 21• Phalaropus lobatus | Phalarcpe a bee etroit | Pod-necked Phaiarope | OdinsMu’nchen |
| 22. Buihinus oedienemas | Oedicn^me criard | Stone Curlew | Triel ' |
| 23. Gavia inmer | Plongeon imbrin | Great Northern Liver | Sistaucher : |
| 24® Nycticoraz nycticoraz | Heron bihoreau | Night' Heron . | Nachtreiher |
| 25* Egretta garzetta | Aigrette garzette | Little Egret | Seidonreiher |
| . ■ ■ ' - ■ ■ | . Frangais | Anglais | Allemand |
| 26# iSgretta alba | Grande Aigrette : | Great White Heron | Si 1 be rr oilier |
| 27• Arde'ola ralloides 1 | Heron crabier ■ " ' | Squacco Heron . | Pal1cure iher |
| 28. Ardea purpurea | Heron pourpre | Purple Heron .. | Purperreiher |
| 29* Ciconia ciconia | Ciccgne blanche | White Stork | Weisstorch |
| 30* Platalea leucorodia | Spatule blanche | Spoonbill | Loffler |
| 31, Plegadis falcinellus | Ibis falcinelle | Glossy Ibis | Brarner Sichler |
| 32* Phoenicopterus . ruber | Flamant rose | Greater Flamingo | FIamingo |
| 33* Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis | Grand Cormoran | Cormorant | Kormoran |
| 34. Porphyrio porphyrio Poule sultane | Purple Gallinule | Purpurhuhn | |
| 35* Otis tarda | Outarde barbue | Great Bustard ' | Grosstrappe . |
| 36* Otis tetrax | Outarde canepetiere | Little Bustard ' | Zwergtrappe |
| 37* Grus grus | Grue cendree | Crane ' | Kranich |
| 38* Eieraaetus . fasciatus | Aigle de Bonelli | Bonelli’s Eagle | Habichtsadler |
| 39* Hieraaetus pennatus „ | Aigle botte • | Booted Eagle . | Zwergadle'r |
| 40' Haliaaetus albicilla | Pygargue a queue. blanche | White-tailed Eagle | Seeadler |
| 41* Neophron percnopt erus | Per cnopt ere d’Egypte | Egyptian Vulture | Schnutsgeier 1 |
| 42* Qypaetus barbatus | Gypaete barbu | Bearderd Vulture | Bartgeier' |
| 43• Aogypius monachus • | Vautour moine | Black Vulture | Mcnchsgeier |
| 44<, Gyps fulvus | Vaut ourpfsrcve | Griffon Vulture . ■ | GSnsegeier |
| 45 a Pemis apivorus _ | Bondree apivoire | Honey Buzzard | We s p enbus s ard |
| 46* Milvus migrans | Milan noir | Black Kite | Schirarzcr Milan |
| 47* Circus pygargus | Busard cendre | Montagu’s Harrier | Wiesenweihe |
| 48* Circus cyaneus | Busard Saint-Martin Hen Harrier | Kornweihe | |
| 49, Circus aeroginosus | Busard des roseaux | Marsh Harrier | Rohrweihe i |
| 50' Aquila chrysaetos | Aigle royale | Golden Eagle | Stcinadler |
| 51. Plandion haliaetus | Balbuzard ‘ ptcheur | Osprey - ■ ■ | Fischadler |
| 52* Circaetus gallicus | Circaete | Short-toed Eagle | Schlangenadler |
| 53. | Falco biarmicus | Faucon Lanier | Lanner Faluon | Fcldeggsfalke |
| 54. | Falco peregrinus | Faucon pelerin | Peregrine | Wanderfalke |
| 55. | Falco eleonorae | Faucon d’Eleonore | Eleonora*s Falcon | Eleoncrenfalke |
| 56. | Dencrocopus leucotus Fis a dos blanc | Vfliit e-backed Woodpecker | Weissrucken- specht | |
| 57. | ITyctea scandiaca | Cnouette harfang | Snowy Owl | Schneeuie |
| 58. | Bubo bubo | Hibcu grand-due | Eagle Owl | Uhu |
| 55. | Oceanodroma loucorr! leucorrhoa | Bairel culblanc | Leach? 3 Petrel | Wellenlaufer |
| 6C, | IJydrobat cs | Petrel tempete | Stona Petrel | Stunaschwaibe |
| pelagicus | ||||
| 61, | Calonec+ris | Puffin condre | Cor:/1 s Shearwater | Gelbschnabel- |
| diomedea | St umit auche r |
62.
Kleiber
Graugans
| ARHEXE II - PARTIE 1 | . .tcSraa^ai s . | Anglais |
| Anseriformes | ||
| Anser anser . | Oie cendree _ . | Greylag Goose ' |
| An.ser albifrons , | Oie rieuse . . | Whit e-front ed Goose |
| Anser fabalis | Qie des. moissons . | Bean Goose |
| Anser brachyrhynchus | Oie a bee court | Pink-footed Goose |
| Branta canadensis / | Bemache- du Canada : | Canada Goose |
| Anas platyrhynchos . | Canard col vert'- | -Mallard • . |
| Anas crecca | Sarcelle. d’hiver | Teal |
| Anas strepera | Canard chipeau | Gadwall |
| Anas penelope | Canard siffleur | Wigeon |
| Anas querquedula | Sarcelle d* ete | Garganey |
| Anas acuta ' . ■ | Canard pilet | Pintail , . . ,. - |
| Anas Clypeata | Canard souchet | Shoveler |
| Aythya ferina | Fuligule milouin | Pochard |
| Aythya mari la | Fuligule milcuinan | Scaup |
| Aythya fuligula | Fuligule morillon | Tuft ed Duck |
| Clangula hyemalis | Harelde de Miquelon Long-tailed Duck | |
| • / Melanitta fusca | Macreuse brune | Velvet Scoter ' |
| Melanitta nigra | Macreuse noire | Common Scoter |
| Bucephala clangula | Garrot A l'oeil d’or Goldeneye | |
| Galliformes | ||
| Lagopus lagopus | Lagopede des saules | Red Grouse |
| Lagopus nutus | Lagopede des Alpes | Ptarmigan |
| Alectoris rufa | Perdrix rouge | Red-legged ' Partridge |
| Alectoris graeca | Perdrix bartavelle | Rock Partridge |
| Perdix perdix | Perdix grise ' | Partridge, |
| Phasianus colchicus | 5feisan.de chasse | Pheasant |
| lyrurus tetrix cf* . | Tetras lyre . d* | Black Grouse o’ |
| Tetrao urogallus | Grand Tetras . & | Capercaillie c?i |
Saatgans
Kurz s chnabelgans Kanadagans Stoclcent e Krif-kenta Schnatt erent e ■ Pfeifente 1 Knakent e Spiessente Lo'ffelente Tafelente Bergent e Reiherente Eisenta Sant ent e Trauerent a Schellente
Moorschneehuhn Alpenschneehuhn , Rot huhn .
Rebhuhn
Fasan
Birkhahn
Auerhahn
Allemand
| Charadriiformss | Prangais | Anglais |
| Pluvialis squatarola | Pluvier argente | Grey Plover |
| Pluvialis apricarius | Pluvier done | Golden Plover |
| Callinago gallinago | Becassine des marais | Snipe |
| Linnocrypt es minimus Scolopax rusticola | Becassine. sourde Becasse des bois | Jack Snipe Woodcock |
| Gruiformos | ||
| Fblica atra | Poulque macroule | Coot |
| Co lumbiformes |
Woodpigeon
Kiebit zregen-pfeifer
Go1dregenpfcif
Bekassine
Zwergschnepfe
Waldoohneple
Blgsshuhn
Ringeltaube
| j&IBTEEE- II - PARTIE 2 | ■ Prangais | ■ Anglais . | . Allcmand |
| Somateria mollissima | Eider a duvet . | Eider . ■ | Eiderent e ■ |
| Mergus serrator | Harle huppe | Red-breast ed Merganser | ■ Mittelsager |
| Mergus merganser | Harle bievre | Goosander | Gs&isesager ' |
| Meleagris gallopavo , C j'b'iTS.:V. ©crfcurcA:: | Dindon/ ' Dinde sauvage | PHLld Turkey | Wildtruth,uhn |
| Coturnix coturnix | Caille des bles | Quail | Uachtel __ |
| Gallinula chloropus | Poule d’eau | Moorhen | Teichhuhn . |
| Streptopelia decabct o, deoaocto | aTourterelle turque | Collared Turtle Dove | Turkentaube |
| Streptopelia turtur | Tourterelle des bois | Turtle Dove | Turteltaube |
| Polumba oenas | Pigeon columbin | Stock Dove | Hohltaube . |
| Rallus aquaticus | RSle d’eau | Water Rail | Wasserralle |
| Vanellus vanellus | Vanneau hyppe | Lapwing | Kiebitz |
| Haenatopus Ostralegus . | Mditrier pie | Oystercatcher | Austern- fischer |
| Fumenius arquata | Courlis cendre | Curlew ■' | Grosser Brach-vogel |
| Fumenius phaeopus | Courlis corlieu | Whimbrel | Regenbrachvogel |
| Limosa limosa | Barge a queue noir | Black-tailed Godwit | Uferschnepfe |
| Llmaea lapponica | Barge rousse | Bar-tailed Godwit | Phuhlschnepfe |
| Tringa erythropus | Chevalier arlequin Spotted Redshank | Dunkler Wassen-lSufer | |
| Tringa totanus | Chevalier gambette | Redshank | Rotschenkel |
| Tringa nebularia | Chevalier aboyeur | Greenshank | Grifnschenkel |
| Calidris canufca | Becasseau maubeche Knot ‘ ’ | Khutt |
| II - PARTIS 2 • | Q> 2 tr* o *rH ^0 ?-J3 rH rH 0) 0 ' P=l P3 | r * ' | Danemarlc | Prance | Ireland | Italie | M % o 1 | Pays-Bas | ' Kyt KH • |
| Soraatoria niollissima | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| L'ergr.s s err at or | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||
| llergus merganser | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||
| Meleagris gallcpavo | - | ||||||||
| Cobumix coturnix | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Gallinula chloropus | + | + | |||||||
| Streptopelia decaoctoa | "T | + | + | + | + | ||||
| Streptojjelia turtur | + | + | + | ||||||
| Columba oenas | + | + | |||||||
| Railas aquaticus | + | + | |||||||
| Vanellus vanellus | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Haematopus ostralegus | + | + | T* | ||||||
| ITumenius arquata | + | + | + | + | + | ||||
| liumenius pliaeopus | + | + | + | ||||||
| Limosa limosa ' | + | ||||||||
| Limosa lapponica | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Tringa erythropus | + | + | + | ||||||
| Tringa totanus | 4* | + | + | ||||||
| Tringa nebularia | + | + | |||||||
| Cali&ris canuta | + | + |
U,IC
| JUJKSXE II - PARTIS 3 | Prangais | - Anglais . . | . Allemsnd |
| I - r fColunba livia | Pigeon biset ■- | Rock Dove | Felsentaube |
| Larus fuscus | Goeland brun | Lesser 31acR-backed Gull | Heringsmowe |
| Larus argent at us , | Goeland argente | Herring Gull | SilbermSwa |
| X/arus marinus , t : | >; Go elinaioarinac’. :eA | Great Black-backed Gull | MantelnSwe |
| Parrulus glandarius | Geai des chines ; | Jay . | Eichelhaher |
| Pica pica | Pie bavarde ■ | Magpie | Elst er |
| porvus monedula | Choucas des tours | Jackdaw | Dohle ; |
| Porvus corcne | Corneille noire | Carrion Crow | Rabenkrahe |
| Corneille mantelee | ..Hooded Crow | ITebelkrahe | |
| Oorvus frugilegus | Ccrbeau freux | Rook . | Saatkrahe |
| Sturnus vulgaris | iiStanrnaau sansonnet | St arling | Star |
| Passer domesticus | Moineau domestique | House Sparrow | Haussperling |
| Passer italiae | HE INAAULI TAL IBH | Italian Sparrow | Italienisbher Sperling' |
| Passer mcntanus | Moineau friquet | Tree Sparrow | Peldsperling |
Perdix perdix Phasianu? cclchicus Coiumba palumbus
Canard colvertt Mallard
Lagopede des saules Red Grouse
Perarix rouge
Perdix grise Faisan de chasse Pigeon rainier
Red-Legged
Partridge
Partridge
Pheasant
Woodpigeon
Stockente Moorschneehuhn Rothuhn
Rebhuhn
Fasan
Ringeltaube