Explanatory Memorandum to COM(2013)266 - Comparability of fees related to payment accounts, payment account switching and access to payment accounts with basic features

Please note

This page contains a limited version of this dossier in the EU Monitor.

dossier COM(2013)266 - Comparability of fees related to payment accounts, payment account switching and access to payment accounts with basic ...
source COM(2013)266 EN
date 08-05-2013
1. CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL

4.

1.1. Grounds for and objectives of the proposal


The continued development of the single market in the area of financial services is of primary importance for Europe’s growth and competitiveness. However obstacles to a fully integrated internal market for financial services remain. Recent initiatives at EU level have sought to help the single market to develop its full potential by ending market fragmentation and eliminating barriers and obstacles to the movement of services, while also strengthening citizens' confidence in their internal market and ensuring that its benefits are passed on to consumers.

The Single Market Act (SMA) I, adopted by the Commission in April 2011, outlined twelve levers to boost growth and strengthen citizens' confidence in the single market. In the field of retail financial services, SMA I stated that particular regard should be given 'to the transparency of bank fees and better protection of borrowers in the mortgage market'. The Commission also announced 'an initiative concerning access to a basic payment account for all citizens at a reasonable cost, wherever they live in the EU' in order to enable all citizens to participate actively in the single market.

The SMA II, adopted on 3 October 2012, identified a legislative initiative on bank accounts in the EU as one of the twelve priority actions to generate real effects on the ground and make citizens and businesses confident to use the single market to their advantage.[1] Its aim is to 'give all EU citizens access to a basic payment account, ensure bank account fees are transparent and comparable, and make switching bank accounts easier'.[2] Furthermore, the Commission announced proposals in the area of transparency and comparability of bank fees and bank account switching as part of the Commission's Work Programme for 2013.[3]

Previous initiatives in the field of retail banking have not only improved the ability of payment service providers to operate cross border, but have brought substantial benefits to many European consumers, in particular through cheaper transactions, faster payments and more transparent conditions and prices. The Payment Services Directive (2007/64/EC) provides certain transparency obligations with respect to the fees charged by payment service providers. This initiative has contributed to substantially shortening the time required to execute transactions and increase the consistency of the information provided to consumers in relation to their payment services. The recent Regulation on the Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA) has created a coherent framework for carrying out secure and fast payment transactions within the Eurozone, simplifying the provision of payment services and facilitating customer mobility.

While measures to complete the single market for financial services should generate growth and enhance business opportunities for providers of financial services, their impact on consumers is also of vital importance. At present, the opacity of payment account fees make it difficult for consumers to make informed choices. Even where fees are comparable, the process for switching from one payment account to another is often lengthy and complex. As a result, consumers still show a very high degree of inertia with respect to payment accounts. A survey on retail financial services conducted in 2012 i showed that a large share of consumers tends to remain attached to their payment providers. Only 16% of the respondents who already held a financial product had opened a new payment account in the previous five years. Further, only 3% of the respondents declared having opened a payment account cross-border. Consumers were dissuaded from purchasing retail financial products cross-border by unclear information (21%), lack of clarity of the rights available to the consumer (18%) or the process being too complicated (15%). Consumer inertia makes it more difficult for financial service providers to attract new clients and may make the entering of new markets less attractive, in particular in a cross-border context. In turn, this raises prices and lowers the quality of services provided to the consumers.

The impact of EU measures aimed at ensuring a sound and robust framework to fully develop the benefits of the internal market for financial services is reduced by the fact that a large portion of the EU population is still unbanked. The World Bank estimated that about 58 million EU consumers do not have a payment account[5] and approximately 25 million of them would like to open one. Moreover, surveys and consultations undertaken by the Commission and complaints from consumers demonstrate that many citizens have faced difficulties in opening a payment account due to their lack of a permanent address in the Member State where the payment service provider is located. This situation also affects a large number of EU consumers living in another Member State (12.3 million people in 2010). All these factors negatively impact upon consumers' ability to obtain payment accounts, especially cross-border. As noted in the recently adopted package on social investment, payment accounts are a vital tool for people to participate in the economy and society[6].

Moreover, the fact that a large number of consumers do not currently participate in the internal market for financial services has negative consequences for both payment service providers and consumers. On the one hand, providers are less incentivised to offer their services in the Union and to enter new markets, which stifles the competitive process and in turn leads to less favourable conditions for consumers. On the other hand, unbanked consumers are excluded from the benefits of the internal market. The economy is steadily moving towards an increase of cashless transactions. This trend affects companies and consumers. It also affects public administrations, which have realised the advantages of non-cash transactions.[7] Furthermore, the lack of access to a payment account prevents consumers from fully benefiting from the internal market, for example, by hindering the purchase of goods cross-border or online.

As payment accounts are the financial services product most likely to be purchased cross-border, identifying adequate solutions to the problems outlined above is vital. The consequences of inaction are potentially serious, including the inhibited development of a fully-functioning internal market with significant impacts upon payment service providers, consumers, and the wider economy. Furthermore, the financial crisis has brought to light the importance of effective measures to restore a high level of consumer confidence towards financial institutions.

In light of this, and with a view to enhancing the integration of the EU payment account market, this proposal aims to improve the transparency and comparability of fee information relating to payment accounts, facilitate switching between payment accounts, eliminate discrimination based on residency with respect to payment accounts and provide access to a payment account with basic features within the EU. It will contribute to easier market entry, increased economies of scale and therefore increased competition in the banking and payment industries, both within and across Member States. Taking steps to simplify the comparison of services and fees offered by payment services providers and facilitate the process of switching between payment accounts will, in turn, improve prices and services for consumers. This proposal will also guarantee access to basic payment services to all EU consumers and prohibit discrimination based on residency against consumers who intend to open a payment account abroad, to the benefit of both payment service providers and consumers.

5.

1.2. Existing provisions in the area of the proposal


Transparency and comparability of payment account fees

The Payment Service Directive (2007/64/EC) provides certain transparency obligations with respect to the fees charged by payment service providers but it does not provide a framework to define the manner of presentation of such information, nor does it contain any provisions concerning the comparability of fees.

In 2010 the European Commission invited the European Banking Industry Committee (EBIC), representing the banking industry at EU level, to develop, through self-regulation, a framework ensuring increased transparency on payment account fees. In May 2011 EBIC presented the European Commission with its proposal, which proved unsatisfactory. In particular, this self-regulatory attempt failed to establish a consistent terminology within a reasonable time-frame.

6.

Payment account switching


In 2008, EBIC adopted the Common Principles for Bank Account Switching which define the process to facilitate payment account switching within a Member State. Implementation of the Common Principles was meant to be completed by the end of 2009. However, as of 2012, the enforcement of these guidelines remained unsatisfactory.

In particular, not all payment services providers have followed the principles established by the EBIC and the application of these principles has been often patchy and not homogeneous. This led to several difficulties for consumers trying to switch accounts. Many consumers faced problems with the misdirection of their payment orders, which may sometimes even lead to fines. Also, the duration of the switching process in certain countries exceeds substantially the 15 days prescribed by the Common Principles. Moreover, consumers are often not provided with clear information as regards the availability of the switching mechanism and its basic features.

7.

Access to a payment account with basic features


On 18 July 2011 the Commission issued a Recommendation on access to a basic payment account.[8] The Recommendation invited Member States to put in place the measures necessary to ensure that payment accounts with basic features are offered to consumers within 6 months of its publication. As a follow-up, on 22 August 2012 the Commission services issued a Report on 'National Measures and practices as regards access to basic payment accounts'[9] to evaluate the extent to which Member States are complying with the Recommendation and concluded that only a few Member States appear to comply with its main principles.

In particular, to date eleven Member States have no measure in force concerning the right to open an account, features of such an account and associated charges. Only a few Member States appear to be close to complying with the principles of the Recommendation. In the remaining Member States, some rules or systems are in place or about to be put in place, although with widely differing standards and degrees of implementation. In some countries the measures in place do not amount to legislative initiatives but are limited to self-regulatory actions, only impacting those banks which voluntarily chose to adhere to the principles in question. Their effectiveness is thus limited and the application inconsistent. In other Member States, only generic and general provisions with respect to access are in force whilst structured measures in this respect are still lacking.

1.3. Consistency with the EU’s other policies and objectives of the Union

The proposal is consistent with the policies and objectives pursued by the Union. The measures envisaged will foster the development of the internal market and enable all consumers in all Member States to enjoy the full benefits deriving from it. By enhancing competition between payment service providers and facilitating consumers’ participation in the single market, the proposal will also increase the volume of transactions within the Union and will contribute to the attainment of the wider objectives of economic growth.

This proposal complements the measures adopted by the Commission with the Payment Service Directive. The Payment Service Directive provides harmonised rules on fee transparency, with the aim of reducing the cost of payment systems for payment service providers. The present proposal, on the other hand, directly targets the harmonisation of fee terminology and presentation, and establishes quality standards for information tools to facilitate comparison between payment accounts. Further, it provides a procedure for the effective switching of payment accounts as well as guaranteeing access to basic payment services.

The proposal is consistent with the Union’s policy in the fight against money laundering and terrorism financing. Consumers will still need to be able to satisfy identity requirements before opening an account, as required by the Third Anti-Money Laundering Directive[10]. However, it will no longer be possible to refuse the opening of a payment account by alleging anti-money laundering concerns based on the mere fact that the consumer is not a resident of the Member State where he or she wants to open an account.

Contents

1.

RESULTS OF CONSULTATIONS WITH THE INTERESTED PARTIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS



8.

2.1. Consultation of interested parties


Consultation methods, main sectors targeted and general profile of respondents

The Commission services launched a public consultation on 20 March 2012. The objective of the consultation was to collect stakeholders’ views on the transparency of payment account fees, switching between payment accounts and on access to basic payment accounts in order to assess the need for action at European Union level and identify what measures, if any, should be taken. The European Commission received 124 responses from stakeholders in 19 Member States and one EEA member as well as from representative bodies at EU and international level.

9.

Summary of responses and how they have been taken into account


Regarding transparency of payment accounts fees, a majority of respondents in all categories of stakeholder reported that problems were encountered in the retail banking sector with respect to the manner of presentation and the comparability of such fees. Unanimous support emerged among consumers for EU level action aimed at ensuring a level playing field in these areas. However, more diverging positions were expressed by Members States and the industry on the possible means to tackle these issues. Some Member States supported EU action or considered this possibility, while others considered that further measures should be conducted at national level initially. The majority of stakeholders from the financial services industry did not see the need for legislation at EU level and expressed the view that, if EU action were to be pursued, it should be flexible and take account of efforts made at national level.

With regard to switching, consumers and representatives of civil society argued that banks do not always offer switching services and even where such services are provided, they do not fully comply with the provisions of the Common Principles. The financial services industry, on the other hand, considered that most providers offer a switching service in line with the Common Principles. The views of public authorities tended to fall between these. There were mixed views as to whether the Common Principles should be made compulsory. Several Member States as well as the financial services industry believed that the Common Principles should remain voluntary. Respondents from other Member States were more open to making the Common Principles compulsory, as this would guarantee a more effective enforcement of the provisions. Consumers and representatives of civil society strongly believed that the Common Principles should be made binding. Stakeholders were also split as to whether any initiative should cover cross-border switching. Consumers mostly appeared in favour of cross-border switching, while most respondents from the industry opposed this option. As for Member States, while several respondents were not supportive of a cross-border dimension, others took the view that this option would favour the achievement of the single market.

With respect to access, the consultation provided mixed results. On the one hand, the financial services industry, as well as some Member States, argued that there were no major obstacles to consumers accessing a basic account as the financial services industry either adheres to a national provision on access or the EU Recommendation. They therefore concluded that no action should be taken in this area. The financial services industry further emphasised that if any measure were to be taken, it should be at national level to accommodate the different legal and regulatory landscapes across the EU. On the other hand, consumers, representatives of civil society and some other Member States took the view that the current situation is unsatisfactory and that major difficulties exist in accessing basic account services. They would, therefore, strongly support an initiative that ensures access to a basic account. Consequently, they argued in favour of legislative measures at EU level, albeit with some flexibility for national circumstances.

Commission services also met with Member States, payment service providers, industry representatives, and consumer representatives, throughout the process.

10.

2.2. Impact Assessment


In line with its 'Better Regulation' policy, the Commission prepared an impact assessment of policy alternatives. Policy options related to the scope of the new provisions, the level of standardisation, the setting up and functioning of measures on transparency and comparability of fees, switching between payment accounts, improved access to basic payment services and how to ensure their effective application for consumers.

A number of studies and surveys supported the impact assessment. This included: the Eurobarometer Survey; a study on 'Quantification of economic impacts of EU action to improve fee transparency, comparability and mobility in the internal market for bank personal current accounts'; a study on 'Bank fees transparency and comparability and bank mobility'; and a survey of consumers' switching experiences with reference to the Common Principles on Bank Account Switching.

The impact assessment identified a series of problems concerning the transparency and comparability of payment account fees. Fee information provided to consumers is overly complex. Diversity in pricing models adds to the complexity of choosing an appropriate product. This leads to information asymmetries and impairs a consumer’s ability to understand what fees represent, hindering consumer choice and, ultimately, competition. Moreover, wide price variations have been observed for payment accounts, calling into question the degree of price competition in the market. Price variations also feed the perception that payment accounts are not fairly priced, denting consumer confidence and trust in the sector.

Based on these findings and following an analysis of the available options, the Commission concluded that the recommended set of policy measures should consist of the introduction of a standard list of fees charged for services offered on payment accounts; measures aimed at ensuring the independence of websites comparing fees for services offered on payment accounts at Member state level and mandating the creation of such websites where they do not already exist; and requiring payment service providers to provide ex-post information at least annually on the fees incurred by consumers on their payment accounts.

The impact assessment also demonstrated that payment account mobility in the EU is still limited. This is partly caused by insufficient and often inconsistent information on the switching process, and a lack of assistance by the staff of payment service providers. Switching is frequently perceived by customers to be costly or time-consuming; it is also often unclear how long the process will take and what would happen to direct debits/credits in the ‘transitional period’ (i.e. the period when the new account is opened but not all recurring payments have been transferred to it). Finally, the deadlines set in the Common Principles are often not respected.

The impact assessment also highlighted that there is no common framework in place to facilitate cross-border switching or comparability of payment account fees. Although there is significant potential demand, consumers may be deterred by the complexity of the process in practice. In a fully functioning internal market, comparable information on payment account prices across the EU would broaden consumer choice and facilitate domestic and cross-border switching.

In light of the above issues, and following a thorough assessment of the available options, the Commission concluded that in order to improve the functioning of the switching process, measures to give binding legal force to the provisions of the Common Principles on account switching are necessary. Moreover, such measures should broaden the scope of the Common Principles by extending them to cross-border switching. This will help consumers receive clear and comprehensible information by payment account providers and therefore identify the payment account most suitable for their needs. Moreover if consumers, based on such information, decide to move to another account, a switching service will be at their disposal.

With respect to access, the impact assessment concluded that it is necessary to ensure the right of access to a payment account with basic features for every EU consumer by means of binding European legislation. 58 million EU consumers do not have a payment account. Several factors were identified as the main drivers for this, including the lack of a consistent regulatory framework across the EU, refusal based on nationality or lack of residence, the high price of the account as well as consumers' lack of financial education and awareness and low confidence in the financial system.

The impact assessment considered a range of policy options and sub-options.[11] It concluded that the most appropriate policy measure to address the issue identified is to impose a legal obligation on Member States to ensure the right of access to a payment account with basic features for every consumer. The features of basic payment accounts should be enlarged from those contained in the Recommendation to include internet banking and online purchasing. The new measures will improve the availability, accessibility, and affordability of basic payment services. This, in turn, is expected to substantially reduce consumer detriment, enhance financial and social inclusion and consumer confidence, encourage cross-border mobility and promote the full participation of the greatest possible number of consumers in the internal market.

The impact assessment was first submitted to the Impact Assessment Board on 27 July 2012. The Board asked for resubmission with additional information on the problem definition, on subsidiarity aspects, and a critical review of the proportionality and EU value added of the presented options involving binding measures. The Board also asked for the presentation of the options and their expected impacts to be improved and for the report to more consistently refer to the views of different stakeholder groups throughout. The impact assessment was resubmitted on 29 October 2012. On 28 November the Board stated it could not issue a positive opinion and proposed some further amendments concerning mostly the issue of cross-border switching. In response, the Commission services made additional changes to the text, including reinforcing the interlinks between the problem areas, clarifying the trans-national dimension of the problem, and providing further detail on stakeholder views as well as additional insight with respect to the issue of cross-border switching.

2.

LEGAL ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSAL



11.

3.1. Legal basis


The proposal is based on Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. As explained above, by setting up an EU level framework in the fields covered by the proposal, it aims to remove the remaining barriers to the free movement of payment services and, more broadly, to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital for which a fully integrated and developed single market for payment services is vital. The proposal also prevents any further fragmentation of the single market which could occur if Member States were to take diverging and inconsistent regulatory actions in this field.

12.

3.2. Subsidiarity principle


According to the principle of subsidiarity, EU action may only be taken if the envisaged aims cannot be achieved by Member States alone. EU intervention is needed to improve the proper functioning of the internal market and avoid the distortion of competition in the field of retail banking.

Different regulatory frameworks, or the lack thereof, raise barriers to entry across borders. An EU initiative will better address factors that prevent the pursuit of business or raise the cost of doing business in another Member State relative to the costs faced by domestic providers. Credit institutions that seek to operate across borders not only need to meet differing requirements but are also prevented from making full use of economies of scale in developing processes and in operations in areas such as back office activities.

Low customer mobility in general and inefficient switching mechanisms in particular, create obstacles to market entrants gaining new clients. Inaction or action from Member States alone is likely to result in different sets of rules, leading to uncompetitive markets and unequal levels of consumer protection in the EU. However, common criteria established at EU level for the functioning of the retail banking sector will provide consumers with the necessary information required to make informed choices. This, in turn, will contribute to the strengthening of competition and to the efficient allocation of resources within the EU financial retail market to the benefit of businesses and consumers.

Moreover, an EU-level playing field will allow consumers to participate in e-commerce and the digital market, and thereby take advantage of more attractive products and services in other Member States. As regards transparency of bank fees and switching of accounts, self-regulatory initiatives have been tested but have proven unsatisfactory and ineffective. Finally, for access to payment accounts with basic features in particular, implementation of the 2011 Recommendation on access to a basic payment account has been insufficient. Rules on access therefore remain patchy throughout the EU and is unlikely to change in the near future, especially given the global financial turmoil and the retrenchment of national markets.

13.

3.3. Proportionality principle


The actions entailed by EU level intervention are limited to those necessary to achieve the stated objectives. The elements of the package are complementary and provide the right balance between effectiveness in ensuring a fully functioning internal market for retail financial services with a high level of consumer protection and due regard to efficiency.

With respect to the transparency and comparability of payment account fees the proposal takes a flexible approach, for example, by mandating standardised terminology at a national level and only standardising terminology at an EU level where it is possible to do so. In relation to switching, the time allowed for the switching of payment accounts cross border is doubled (this provision will be subject to review after 5 years). For access, whilst this initiative establishes a right of access to a payment account with basic features, it leaves considerable flexibility to Member States to determine how this is implemented.

For discrimination in relation to place of residence, the proposal includes a general provision building on the approach followed in Article 20 of Directive 2006/123 for non-financial services. A more specific obligation is only established for payment accounts with basic features.

Only binding legislation will ensure a level playing field throughout the EU, minimising costs and maximising the scope for economies of scale for account providers seeking to operate cross-border. Although adopting binding legislation imposes an implementation burden for stakeholders in terms of time and money, this burden will be similar to that incurred under a Recommendation or self-regulation, if properly applied.

14.

3.4. Choice of instrument


Proposed instrument: Directive.

The attempts to address the issues of comparability of payment account fees and account switching through self-regulatory measures were largely unsuccessful. The implementation of the Common Principles for payment account switching in the Member States was mostly evidenced to be unsatisfactory. This may, to a large degree, be the result of the lack of monitoring and enforcement measures within a self-regulatory approach. The efforts made to develop, together with the industry, a self-regulatory initiative to increase the comparability of payment account fees did not lead to a successful outcome either. Self-regulation would not, therefore, be an effective solution.

Compliance with the Commission's Recommendation on access to a basic payment account was also largely inadequate. Only three Member States broadly complied with it and more than half the Member States had no framework in place at all to promote the right of access. As with comparability and transparency and switching, a non-binding measure proved to be unsuccessful.

The introduction of a binding measure is the most effective and efficient way of achieving the set objectives. Only a binding legislative instrument can guarantee that the policy options are introduced in all 27 Member States and that the rules are enforceable. A Directive allows for consideration of national specificities in the payment account market. This would help to ensure a level playing field for both consumers and businesses throughout the EU.

3.

BUDGETARY IMPLICATION



This proposal has no implication for the budget of the EU or those of EU agencies.

15.

5. OPTIONAL ELEMENTS


16.

5.1. Review/revision/sunset clause


The proposal includes a review clause.

17.

5.2. European Economic Area


The proposed act concerns the internal market and should therefore extend to the European Economic Area.

18.

5.3. Detailed explanation of the proposal


The following short summary aims at facilitating the decision making process by outlining the main substance of the Directive.

Article 1 (subject matter and scope) defines the scope of the Directive.

Article 2 (definitions) contains the definitions of the terms used in the Directive.

Article 3 (List of the most representative payment services subject to a fee at national level and standardised terminology) requires Member States to establish a list of the most representative payment services subject to a fee at national level and standardised terminology for these services.

Article 4 (Fee information document and glossary) requires Member States to establish the obligation for payment service providers to provide consumers with the list of the most representative payment services subject to a fee at national level from Article 3 and their corresponding fees. This information should be provided in a standard format. The provision also requires Member States to establish the obligation for payment service providers to make available a glossary of at least the services contained in the list.

Article 5 (Statement of fees) requires Member States to establish the obligation for payment service providers to provide customers with information on all fees incurred at least annually. This information should be provided in a standard format.

Article 6 (Contractual and commercial information) requires payment service providers to use the standardised terminology from Article 3 in their contractual and commercial information, where relevant.

Article 7 (Comparison websites) establishes an obligation on Member States to ensure that consumers have access to at least one website comparing payment account fees. Member States shall establish an accreditation scheme for private operators.

Article 8 (Packaged offers) requires Member States to establish the obligation on payment service providers, when offering a payment account together with another financial service or product as part of a package, to provide the customer with the necessary information on the separate components.

Article 9 (Provision of the switching service) requires Member States to establish a general obligation for payment service providers to make a switching service available to any consumer who holds an account with a payment service provider located in the Union.

Article 10 (The switching service) establishes the specific roles and obligations for the receiving and transferring payment service providers in the context of the switching service.

Article 11 (Fees connected with the switching service) establishes principles to guarantee that the charges related to the switching services, if any, are appropriate and in line with the costs incurred.

Article 12 (Financial loss for consumers) establishes the obligation for payment service providers to refund charges incurred by consumers due to their mistake or delay during the switching service. It also aims to prevent consumers from financial loss, as a result of misdirected credit transfers or direct debits by third parties.

Article 13 (Information about the switching service) establishes the obligation for payment service providers to make information available to consumers about the switching service.

Articles 14 (Non-discrimination) requires Member States to ensure that consumers are not discriminated against on the basis of their nationality or residence when applying for a payment account or in their use of a payment account.

Article 15 (Right of access to a payment account with basic features) establishes a right of access to a basic payment account for consumers in any Member State. It also establishes an obligation on Member States to designate at least one payment service provider to offer a basic payment account.

Article 16 (Characteristics of a payment account with basic features) specifies the list of payment services that a payment account with basic features should include.

Article 17 (Associated fees) requires Member States to ensure that the services indicated in Article 16 are offered by payment service providers free of charge or for a reasonable fee.

Article 18 (Framework contracts and termination) recalls that Directive 2007/64/EC is applicable to payment accounts with basic features. However it provides for a limited list of grounds that may justify the termination of the framework contract of a payment account with basic features by the payment service provider.

Article 19 (General information on payment accounts with basic features) requires Member States to ensure that measures are in place to raise awareness of basic payment accounts.

Article 20 (Competent authorities) regulates the procedures for designating the national authorities responsible for the application of provisions in the Directive.

Article 21 (Alternative dispute resolution) requires Member States to establish specific requirements for the settlement of disputes between consumers and payment service providers.

Articles 22 (Administrative measures and sanctions) requires Member States to establish rules on sanctions for breaches of the national provisions adopted to implement this Directive.

Articles 23 (Delegated acts) and 24 (Exercise of the delegation) empower the Commission to adopt delegated acts and sets out how this power should be used.

Article 25 (Implementing acts) empowers the Commission to adopt implementing acts and sets out how this power should be used.

Articles 26 (Evaluation) and 27 (Review clause) sets out the mechanisms for assessing the effective application of the provisions in the Directive and, if needed, propose changes to it.

Article 28 (Transposition) provides the obligation for Member States to adopt the legislative measures necessary to implement the present Directive.

Article 29 (Entry into force) states the date upon which the Directive enters into force.

Article 30 (Addressees) states that this Directive is addressed to Member States.