Explanatory Memorandum to COM(2016)444 - Signing of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada (CETA) - Main contents
Please note
This page contains a limited version of this dossier in the EU Monitor.
| dossier | COM(2016)444 - Signing of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada (CETA). |
|---|---|
| source | COM(2016)444  |
| date | 05-07-2016 |
1. CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL
• Reasons for and objectives of the proposal
On the basis of negotiating directives adopted by the Council, the European Commission has negotiated the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with a view to establishing a state of the art and priviledged economic relationship with Canada. Canada is a strategic partner of the European Union with whom we share a past history based on common values and interests, and with whom we also wish to define a positive forward-looking relationship for the future. This should create new opportunities for trade and investment between the European Union and Canada, notably through improved market access for goods and services and enhanced rules on trade for economic actors.
To this end, the EU and Canada have reached an ambitious agreement which will open up new opportunities for trade and investment for economic actors on both sides of the Atlantic. Both sides have also underlined through this agreement the importance of economic activity taking place within a framework of clear and transparent regulation defined by public authorities, and that they consider the right to regulate in the public interest as a basic underlying principle of the Agreement.
Contents
- The attached proposal for a Council Decision constitutes the legal instrument for the signing of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
- Savings on customs duties
- Opportunities for service suppliers and transparent and effective investment protection and dispute settlement mechanisms
- Investment protection and investment dispute settlement
- Mutual recognition of professional qualifications
- Easier transfers of company staff and other professionals between the EU and Canada
- Improve ability of European companies to provide after sales services
- Access to Canadian public tenders
- Avoiding costs related to double testing
- Better protection for EU innovation and creative works
- Market advantage for producers of traditional European products
- Commitment to Sustainable Development
The attached proposal for a Council Decision constitutes the legal instrument for the signing of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
The CETA negotiations were completed and initialled at the level of the Chief Negotiators on 1 August 2014 and President Barroso, President Van Rompuy and Prime Minister Harper jointly announced the end of the CETA negotiations at the EU-Canada Summit on 26 September 2014 following which the text of the agreement was made public the same day. The legally reviewed text of CETA has been published on 29 February 2016 and can be found on the following link:
trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/september
• Consistency with existing policy provisions in the policy area
The EU and Canada have a longstanding trade and economic cooperation relationship, developed under the 1976 Framework Agreement for Commercial and Economic Cooperation, the 1996 Joint Action Plan and the 1998 EU-Canada Trade Initiative. In addition, the EU and Canada have concluded several bilateral sectoral agreements, notably the 1996 Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, the 1998 Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Conformity Assessments, the 1998 Veterinary Agreement, the 1999 Competition Agreement, the 2003 Agreement on Trade in Wines and Spirits Drinks, the 2009 Civil Aviation Safety Agreement and the 2009 Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement.
These agreements will remain in place with the exception that:
The 1989 Alcoholic Beverages Agreement and the 2003 Wines and Spirit Drinks Agreement will be incorporated into and made part of CETA, as amended by Annex 30-B.
The 1998 Agreement on Mutual Recognition will be terminated from the date of entry into force of CETA.
The EU and Canada recognise the achievements that have been accomplished under the Agreement between the European Community and the Government of Canada on sanitary measures to protect public and animal health in respect of trade in live animals and animal products, done at Ottawa on 17 December 1998 (the “Veterinary Agreement”) and confirm their intention to continue this work under CETA. The 1998 Veterinary Agreement shall be replaced by CETA from the date of entry into force of CETA.
The bilateral agreements listed below shall cease to have effect, and shall be replaced and superseded by CETA. The termination of those agreements shall take effect from the date of entry into force of CETA.
• Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, done at Ottawa on 3 February 1997.
• Agreement between the Czech Republic and Canada for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, done at Prague on 6 May 2009.
• Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Hungary and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, done at Ottawa on 3 October 1991.
• Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Latvia and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, done at Riga on 5 May 2009.
• Exchange of Notes between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Republic of Malta Constituting an Agreement Relating to Foreign Investment Insurance, done at Valletta on 24 May 1982.
• Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, done at Warsaw on 6 April 2009.
• Agreement between the Government of Romania and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, done at Bucharest on 8 May 2009.
• Agreement between the Slovak Republic and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, done at Bratislava on 20 July 2010.
• Consistency with other Union policies
CETA is fully consistent with Union policies, including those affecting international trade. In this respect, CETA will not lower or amend EU legislation, nor it will amend, reduce or eliminate EU standards in any regulated area. All imports from Canada will have to satisfy EU rules and regulations (e.g. technical rules and product standards, sanitary or phytosanitary rules, regulations on food and safety, health and safety standards, rules on GMO’s, environmental protection, consumer protection, etc…).
CETA also includes chapters on Trade and Sustainable Development, Trade and Labour and Trade and Environment, which link the trade agreement to the EU’s overall objectives in sustainable development and specific objectives in the area of labour, environment, and climate change.
Furthermore, like in all its other trade agreements, in CETA the EU fully safeguards public services. EU Member States will be able to run public monopolies for a particular service if they wish to. CETA will not force or incite governments to privatise or deregulate public services like water supply, health, social services or education. EU Member States will continue to be able to decide which services they wish to keep universal and public and to subsidise them if they want to. In addition, nothing in CETA will stop a government in a EU Member State to reverse in the future at any time any autonomous decision it may have taken to privatise these sectors.
CETA ensures that Governments’ right to regulate for public policies is fully preserved. In addition, any decision of the CETA Joint Committee has to be approved by each Party, and therefore subject to the EU’s applicable internal requirements and procedures.
The Regulatory Cooperation Forum within CETA will function as a voluntary cooperation mechanism to exchange experiences and relevant information among regulators, and to help identify areas where regulators could cooperate. It will not be able to change existing regulations or develop new legislation. The Regulatory Cooperation Forum will only provide assistance and make suggestions to regulators and legislators. It will in no way restrict the decision-making power of regulators in the EU's Member States or at EU level.
2. LEGAL BASIS, SUBSIDIARITY AND PROPORTIONALITY
• Legal basis
CETA has identical objectives and essentially the same contents as the Free Trade Agreement with Singapore (EUSFTA). Therefore, the Union's competence is the same in both cases. In view of the doubts raised with regard to the extent and the nature of the Union's competence to conclude EUSFTA, in July 2015 the Commission requested from the Court of Justice an opinion under Article 218(11) TFEU (case A – 2/15). In case A -2/15 the Commission has expressed the view that the Union has exclusive competence to conclude EUSFTA alone and, in the alternative, that it has at least shared competence in those areas where the Union's competence is not exclusive. Many Member States, however, have expressed a different opinion. In view of this, and in order not to delay the signature of the Agreement, the Commission has decided to propose the signature of the Agreement as a mixed agreement. Nevertheless, this is without prejudice to the views expressed by the Commission in Case A – 2/15. Once the Court issues its opinion in case A-2/15, it will be necessary to draw the appropriate conclusions.
• Subsidiarity (for non-exclusive competence)
The common commercial policy, in accordance with Article 3 of the TFEU, is defined as an exclusive Union competence. The Commission takes the view that other matters falling outside of the common commercial policy covered under this Agreement fall under the EU's exclusive competence.
• Proportionality
This proposal is in line with the vision of Europe 2020 strategy and contributes to the Union's trade and development objectives.
• Choice of the instrument
This proposal is in accordance with Article 218(5) TFEU, which envisages the adoption by the Council of decisions on international agreements. There exists no other legal instrument that could be used in order to achieve the objective expressed in this proposal.
3. RESULTS OF EX-POST EVALUATIONS, STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
• Ex-post evaluations/fitness checks of existing legislation
Not applicable.
• Stakeholder consultations
Prior to the start of the negotiations with Canada, the EU and Canada decided in 2007 to jointly undertake a study to examine and assess the costs and benefits of a closer economic partnership. In the context of this joint study 1 , the European Commission and Canada carried out two stakeholder consultations. The European Commission undertook a web-based civil society consultation in February and March 2008 on the basis of a questionnaire covering various aspects of the EU-Canada trade and investment relationship. In March and April 2008 Canada distributed a similar questionnaire among the members of its domestic steering committee.
A high proportion of the respondents expressed the view that, despite the robustness of the existing trade and investment relationship between the EU and Canada, there were still many obstacles and therefore much potential to improve the bilateral relationship.
There was a general consensus among EU respondents that enhanced economic cooperation between Canada and the EU was desirable.
There appeared to be a particular emphasis on the need to remove tariff peaks and onerous non-tariff barriers to trade as well as a strong request for enhanced regulatory cooperation.
In addition, during the CETA negotiations, a range of consultation methods were used in the context of the Sustainability Impact Assessment 2 . This included amongst others civil society meetings, a stakeholder workshop, and a project website with a discussion forum. The civil society meetings took place in Brussels and Ottawa and were attended by broad section of different interest groups and unions. The stakeholder workshop in Ottawa included participants from industry and trade associations, labour organisations, public workers’ unions and unions for workers in private sector, environmental organisations, etc. Several academic and institute-based experts also provided helpful comments on the SIA.
• Collection and use of expertise
A Joint EU-Canada study was produced with the assistance of Professor Walid Hejazi (Rotman Business School, University of Toronto) for the drafting of this study and Professor Joe Francois (University of Linz) for the economic modelling part of the study.
The CETA Sustainability Impact Assessment has been carried out by the external contractor “Development Solutions”.
• Impact assessment
In October 2008, the EU and Canada released their joint study 'Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a Closer EU-Canada Economic Partnership'. At the time the study indicated that the liberalisation of trade in goods and services will bring benefits both to the EU and to Canada. The full report is available on the DG TRADE website:
trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/october
Furthermore, the Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA), carried out during the negotiation, provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential impacts of trade liberalisation under the Agreement. The analysis assesses the economic, social and environmental impacts in Canada and the European Union across three main sectors, sixteen sub-sectors and seven cross-cutting issues. It also assesses the potential impacts of CETA on the U.S., Mexico and other countries and regions, including a number of developing countries as well as the EU Overseas Customs and Territories of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon and Greenland. The terms of reference, interim report, and the final report are available on the DG TRADE website:
ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/policy-making/analysis
The EU and Canada have reached an ambitious agreement which will open new opportunities for trade and investment on both sides of the Atlantic and support jobs in Europe. CETA will remove customs duties, end limitations on access to public contracts, open up services' market, offer predictable conditions for investors and, last but not least, help prevent illegal copying of EU innovations and traditional products. The agreement also contains all the guarantees to make sure that the economic gains do not come at the expense of fundamental rights, social standards, governments' right to regulate, environment protection or consumers' health and safety.
• Regulatory fitness and simplification
CETA is not subject to REFIT procedures; nevertheless it does have some special provisions for SMEs (for example potentially reducing the cost of litigation under the Investment Court System for claimants who are SMEs).
• Fundamental rights
The proposal does not affect the protection of fundamental rights in the Union.
4. BUDGETARY IMPLICATIONS
The impact of this agreement for the EU budget will be twofold:
On the INCOME: it is estimated that foregone duty will reach an amount of € 311 million upon full implementation of the Agreement after seven years, as 97,7 % of the EU tariffs lines will be eliminated at the entry into force of the agreement and then an additional 1% gradually within 3, 5 or 7 years. The amount of € 311 million corresponds to the 80 % of estimated duties collected by EU Member States on imported Canadian products on the basis of 2015 data. The estimate takes into account the new Own Resources Decision, which lowers the collecting costs that Member States retain, from 25% to 20%.
On the EXPENDITURE: the CETA will be the first to incorporate the new Investment Court System (ICS) in the context of the Investment Dispute Resolution System. Accordingly, an amount of € 0,5 million of additional yearly expenditure is foreseen from 2017 onwards (subject to ratification) to finance the permanent structure comprising a First Instance and an Appeal Tribunal.
On the other hand, the proposal entails the use of administrative resources under budget line XX 01 01 01 (Expenditure related to officials and temporary staff working with the Institution), since it is estimated that one Administrator will be dedicated as FTE to the tasks inherent to this agreement. This is indicated in the Legislative Financial Statement and is subject to the conditions mentioned in it.
5. OTHER ELEMENTS
• Implementation plans and monitoring, evaluation and reporting arrangements
The administrative and institutional chapter establishes a CETA Joint Committee that will continuously monitor the implementation, operation and impact of this agreement. The CETA Joint Committee is comprised of representatives of the European Union and representatives of Canada who will meet once a year or at the request of a Party and will supervise the work of all specialised committees and other bodies established under this Agreement.
• It is important to note that the CETA Joint Committee is not an independent body and shall make its decisions and recommendations only by agreement between the EU and Canada. It will in no way restrict the decision-making power of regulators in the EU's Member States or at EU level, or of their authorising institutions.
• The EU and Canada may, through the CETA Joint Committee, decide to amend the Annexes. When the Parties approve such a decision, it has to be subject to their respective applicable internal requirements and procedures. The EU therefore decides whether or not to agree to a decision of the Joint Committee by following the EU internal procedures as stipulated in the EU Treaty. The CETA Joint Committee can therefore not act without a decision of the EU institutions, taken according to the EU’s internal legal process.
• The possibility of Joint Committees adopting certain amendments is a common feature of all international agreements, including EU trade agreements.
• As a special procedure, as stated in Article 30.2, the CETA Joint Committee cannot decide to amend a specific list of annexes for which the full amendment procedure will be needed. This list includes: Chapter 8 - Investment, Chapter 9 - Cross-Border Trade in Services, Chapter 10 - Temporary Entry and Stay of Natural Persons for Business Purposes, and Chapter 13 - Financial Services (with the exception for Annex 10-A List of Contact Points of the Member States of the European Union).
The following specialised committees will be established under the auspices of the CETA Joint Committee:
– the Committee on Trade in Goods, which addresses matters concerning trade in goods, tariffs, technical barriers to trade, the Protocol on the mutual acceptance of the results of conformity assessment and intellectual property rights related to goods. The Committee on Agriculture, the Committee on Wines and Spirits, and the Joint Sectoral Group on Pharmaceuticals shall also be established under and report to the Committee on Trade in Goods.
– the Committee on Services and Investment, which addresses matters concerning cross-border trade in services, investment, temporary entry, electronic commerce, and intellectual property rights related to services.
– the Joint Customs Cooperation Committee (JCCC), established under the 1998 Agreement between the European Community and Canada on Customs Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in Customs Matters, which addresses matters under this Agreement concerning rules of origin, origin procedures, customs and trade facilitation, border measures and temporary suspension of preferential tariff treatment;
– the Joint Management Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, which addresses matters concerning sanitary and phytosanitary measures;
– the Committee on Government Procurement, which addresses matters concerning government procurement;
– the Financial Services Committee, which addresses matters concerning financial services;
– the Committee on Trade and Sustainable Development, which addresses matters concerning sustainable development;
– the Regulatory Cooperation Forum, which addresses matters concerning regulatory cooperation; and
– the CETA Committee on Geographical Indications, which addresses matters concerning geographical indications.
To the extent that any of such specialised Committee has any decision-making power under CETA, those decisions will be taken in the same manner as those of the Joint Committee.
• Implementation in the EU
Certain actions will need to be taken in order to ensure implementation of the Agreement. These will be put in place in time for the application of the Agreement. These are a Commission implementing regulation to be adopted pursuant to Article 58(1) of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code opening the tariff rate quotas provided for by the Agreement.
• Explanatory documents (for directives)
Not applicable.
• Detailed explanation of the specific provisions of the proposal
CETA is a comprehensive trade and investment agreement which contains provisions on national treatment and market access for goods, trade remedies, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, customs and trade facilitation, subsidies, investment, cross-border trade in services, temporary entry and stay of natural persons for business purposes, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, domestic regulation, financial services, international maritime transport services, telecommunications, electronic commerce, competition policy, state enterprises, monopolies, and enterprises granted special rights or privileges, government procurement, intellectual property, regulatory cooperation, trade and sustainable development, trade and labour, trade and environment, bilateral dialogues and cooperation, administrative and institutional provisions, transparency and dispute settlement.
CETA will significantly improve business opportunities for European companies in Canada. With CETA, European companies will receive the best treatment that Canada has ever offered to any trading partner, thus levelling the playing field on the Canadian market for EU companies.
By opening markets, CETA should support growth and jobs in the EU and bring further benefits for European consumers. It has the potential to keep prices down and provide consumers with greater choice of quality products. CETA will not change EU standards. Standards and regulations related to food safety, product safety, consumer protection, health, environment, social or labour standards etc. will remain untouched. All imports from Canada will have to satisfy all EU product rules and regulations – without exception.
More specifically CETA will offer:
CETA will bring tangible benefits to European consumers and companies by eliminating or cutting customs duties– some of the most far reaching cuts achieved by the EU in a trade agreement. This will provide important market opportunities for European companies including SMEs. Importantly, most customs duties will be removed as soon as CETA comes into effect. Cutting customs duties will not lower or change EU standards. Canadian imports will have to respect EU regulations.
Opportunities for service suppliers and transparent and effective investment protection and dispute settlement mechanisms
CETA is by far the most far reaching agreement ever concluded by EU in the area of services and investment. European firms will have more opportunities to provide specialised maritime transport services like dredging, moving empty containers, and shipping of certain cargo within Canada. European firms will also have new advantages when it comes to getting investment projects approved in Canada, protecting their investments and enforcing their rights in case of unfair treatment through a balanced and effective dispute settlement system. For all services sectors, such as environmental services, telecom and finance, market access is ensured, both at federal level and - for the first time – provincial level. In CETA – as in all its trade agreements – the EU protects public services. Again, Canadian investors and service providers will have to respect applicable EU regulations.
CETA includes all the innovations of the EU's new approach on investment and its dispute settlement mechanism, thus meeting the expectations of stakeholders for a fairer, more transparent and institutionalised system for the settlement of investment disputes. It introduces important innovations in this field, ensuring a high level of protection for investors, while fully preserving the right of governments to regulate and pursue legitimate public policy objectives such as the protection of health, safety or the environment. CETA represents a significant break with the traditional approach to investment protection and settlement of investment disputes in most of the existing bilateral investment treaties worldwide. It removes ambiguities that made the old system open to abuses or excessive interpretations and creates an independent investment court system, consisting of a permanent tribunal and an appeal tribunal that will conduct dispute settlement proceedings in a transparent and impartial manner.
The agreement provides a framework to facilitate the mutual recognition of qualifications in regulated professions such as architects, accountants and engineers. The relevant professional organisations in the EU and Canada now have a framework that sets out the conditions for the negotiation of mutual recognition agreements for their respective professions. These will then have to be confirmed and agreed by the EU and Canada.
CETA will make it easier for firms to move staff temporarily between the EU and Canada. This will facilitate European companies' operations in Canada. It will be also easier for providers of professional services to temporarily supply legal, accounting, architectural or similar services.
CETA will make it easier for EU firms to export equipment, machinery and software by allowing firms to send maintenance engineers and other specialists to provide after-sales and related services.
Canada has opened up its government tenders to EU companies to a greater extent than with any of its other trading partners. EU firms will be able to bid to provide goods and services not only at federal level but also to Canadian provinces and municipalities, the first non-Canadian firms to be able to do so. Canada’s provincial procurement market is estimated to be double the size of its federal equivalent.
The EU and Canada have agreed to accept each other’s conformity assessment certificates in areas such as electrical goods, electronic and radio equipment, toys, machinery or measuring equipment. This means that a conformity assessment body in the EU can test EU products for export to Canada according to Canadian rules and vice versa. This will avoid both sides doing the same test and could greatly reduce costs for companies and consumers alike. This is of particular benefit to smaller companies for whom paying twice for the same test can be prohibitive. While this falls short of how the EU operates within its borders, it is nevertheless a very big step forward in the EU's International agreements.
CETA will create a more level playing field between Canada and the EU on intellectual property rights. It will strengthen the protection of copyrights (alignment with EU rules on protection of technological measures and digital rights management as well as on the liability of internet service providers) and enforcement (namely by foreseeing the possibility of provisional measures and injunctions for intermediaries involved in infringing activities). It will improve how Canada’s IPR system protects patents for EU pharmaceutical products. Canada also agreed to strengthen its border measures against counterfeit trademark goods, pirated copyright goods and counterfeit geographical indication goods.
Many medium-sized and smaller businesses trading in agricultural products will benefit from Canada agreeing to protect 143 geographical indications for high-quality European products, such as Roquefort cheese, balsamic vinegar from Modena or Dutch Gouda cheese and many others.
In CETA, the EU and Canada affirm their commitment to sustainable development. Both agree that trade and investment should further environmental protection and labour rights – and not be at their expense. The EU and Canada are committed to CETA helping to ensure that economic growth, social development and environmental protection are mutually supportive. CETA integrates the EU’s and Canada's obligations to international rules on workers’ rights and environmental protection, and gives a strong role to EU and Canadian civil society in participating in the implementation of the commitments in these areas in CETA. CETA also sets up a process for settling disputes, including government consultations and a panel of experts.