Considerations on COM(2021)559 - Deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure - Main contents
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This page contains a limited version of this dossier in the EU Monitor.
| dossier | COM(2021)559 - Deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. |
|---|---|
| document | COM(2021)559  |
| date | September 13, 2023 |
(2) Various instruments of Union law already set targets for renewable fuels. Directive 2018/2001/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 45 for instance set a market share target of 14 % of renewables in transport fuels.
(3) Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council 46 and Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council 47 already set CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles as well as for certain heavy-duty vehicles. Those instruments should accelerate the uptake in particular of zero-emission vehicles and thereby create demand for recharging and refuelling infrastructure.
(4) The initiatives on ReFuelEU aviation 48 and FuelEU maritime 49 should boost the production and uptake of sustainable alternative fuels in aviation and maritime transport. While the fuel use requirements for the sustainable aviation fuels can largely rely on the existing refuelling infrastructure, investments are needed for the electricity supply of stationary aircraft. The FuelEU maritime initiative sets requirements in particular for the use of on shore power that can only be fulfilled if an adequate level of on shore power supply is deployed in TEN-T ports. However those initiatives do not contain any provisions on the required fuel infrastructure which are a prerequisite that the targets can be met.
(5) Therefore all modes of transport should be addressed in one instrument which should take into account a variety of alternative fuels. The use of zero-emission powertrain technologies is at different stages of maturity in the different modes of transport. In particular, in the road sector, a rapid uptake of battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles is taking place. Hydrogen fuel-cell road vehicles are available to markets, as well. In addition, smaller hydrogen and battery electric vessels and hydrogen fuel-cell trains are currently being deployed in different projects and in first commercial operations, with full commercial roll out expected in the next years. In contrast, the aviation and waterborne sectors continue to be dependent on liquid and gaseous fuels, as zero- and low-emission powertrain solutions are expected to enter the market only around 2030 and in particular for the aviation sector even later, with full commercialisation taking its time. The use of fossil gaseous or liquid fuels is only possible if it is clearly embedded into a clear decarbonisation pathway that is in line with the long-term objective of climate neutrality in the Union, requiring increasing blending with or replacement by renewable fuels such as bio-methane, advanced biofuels or renewable and low-carbon synthetic gaseous and liquid fuels.
(6) Such biofuels and synthetic fuels, substituting diesel, petrol and jet fuel, can be produced from different feedstock and can be blended into fossil fuels at very high blending ratios. They can be technically used with the current vehicle technology with minor adaptations. Renewable methanol can also be used for inland navigation and short-sea shipping. Synthetic and paraffinic fuels have a potential to reduce the use of fossil fuel sources in the energy supply to transport. All of these fuels can be distributed, stored and used with the existing infrastructure or where necessary with infrastructure of the same kind.
(7) LNG is likely to play a continued role in maritime transport, where there is currently no economically viable zero-emission powertrain technology available. The Communication on the Smart and Sustainable Mobility Strategy points to zero-emission seagoing ships becoming market ready by 2030. Fleet conversion should take place gradually due to the long lifetime of the ships. Contrary to maritime transport, for inland waterways, with normally smaller vessels and shorter distances, zero-emission powertrain technologies, such as hydrogen and electricity, should enter the markets more quickly. LNG is expected to no longer play a significant role in that sector. Transport fuels such as LNG need increasingly to be decarbonised by blending/substituting with liquefied biomethane (bio-LNG) or renewable and low-carbon synthetic gaseous e-fuels (e-gas) for instance. Those decarbonised fuels can be used in the same infrastructure as gaseous fossil fuels thereby allowing for a gradual shift towards decarbonised fuels.
(8) In the heavy-duty road transport sector, LNG trucks are fully mature. On the one hand, the common scenarios underpinning the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy and the Climate Target Plan as well as the revised “Fit for 55” modelling scenarios suggest some limited role of gaseous fuels that will increasingly be decarbonised in heavy-duty road transport especially in the long haul segment. Furthermore, LPG and CNG vehicles for which already a sufficient infrastructure network exists across the Union are expected to gradually be replaced by zero emission drivetrains and therefore only a limited targeted policy for LNG infrastructure deployment that can equally supply decarbonised fuels is considered necessary to close remaining gaps in the main networks.
(9) The deployment of publicly accessible recharging infrastructure for light-duty electric vehicles has been uneven across the Union. Continued uneven distribution would jeopardize the uptake of such vehicles, limiting connectivity across the Union. Continuing divergence in policy ambitions and approaches at national level will not create the long-term certainty needed for substantive market investment. Mandatory minimum targets for Member States at national level should therefore provide policy orientations and complement National Policy Frameworks. That approach should combine national fleet based targets with distance-based targets for the trans-European network for transport (TEN-T). National fleet based targets should ensure that vehicle uptake in each Member State is matched with the deployment of sufficient publicly accessible recharging infrastructure. Distance-based targets for the TEN-T network should ensure full coverage of electric recharging points along the Union’s main road networks and thereby ensure easy and seamless travel throughout the Union.
(10) National fleet based targets should be established on the basis of the total number of registered electric vehicles in that Member State following a common methodology that accounts for technological developments such as the increased driving range of electric vehicles or the increasing market penetration of fast-charging points which can recharge a greater number of vehicles per recharging point than at a normal recharging point. The methodology also has to take into account the different recharging patterns of battery electric and plug‑in hybrid vehicles. A methodology that norms national fleet based targets on the total maximum power output of the publicly accessible recharging infrastructure should allow flexibility for the implementation of different recharging technologies in Member States.
(11) Implementation in Member States should ensure that a sufficient number of publicly accessible recharging points is installed, in particular at public transport stations, such as port passenger terminals, airports or railway stations. A sufficient number of publicly accessible fast recharging points dedicated to light-duty vehicles should also be deployed to increase consumer convenience in particular across the TEN-T network to ensure full cross-border connectivity and allow electric vehicles to circulate throughout the Union.
(12) Owners of electric vehicles should make use to a large extent of recharging points at their own premises or in collective parking lots in residential and non-residential buildings. While the deployment of ducting infrastructure and of recharging points in those buildings is regulated through Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 50 , Member States should take into account the availability of such private infrastructure when planning the deployment of publicly accessible recharging points.
(13) Electric heavy-duty vehicles need a distinctively different recharging infrastructure than light-duty vehicles. Public accessible infrastructure for electric heavy-duty vehicles is however currently almost nowhere available in the Union. A combined approach of distance-based targets along the TEN-T network, targets for overnight recharging infrastructure and targets at urban nodes should ensure that a sufficient publicly accessible infrastructure coverage for electric heavy-duty vehicles is established throughout the Union to support the expected market uptake of battery electric heavy-duty vehicles.
(14) A sufficient number of publicly accessible fast recharging points dedicated to heavy-duty vehicles should also be deployed along the TEN-T network to ensure full connectivity throughout the Union. That infrastructure should have sufficient power output to allow the recharge of the vehicle within the driver’s legal break time. In addition to fast recharging points along the network, heavy-duty vehicles should also be able to use publicly accessible recharging infrastructure for overnight recharging along the main transport network to specifically support the electrification of the long haul sector.
(15) Recharging infrastructure along the TEN-T network should be complemented with fast publicly accessible recharging infrastructure in urban nodes. That infrastructure is required in particular for providing charging opportunities for delivery trucks and for destination charging for long haul trucks, whereas the national fleet-based target should provide recharging points for light-duty vehicles also in urban areas.
(16) The deployment of recharging infrastructure is equally important in private locations, such as in private depots and at logistic centres to ensure overnight and destination charging. Public authorities should take measures in the context of setting up their revised national policy frameworks to ensure that the appropriate infrastructure is provided for that overnight and destination charging.
(17) Publicly accessible recharging or refuelling points include, for example, privately owned recharging or refuelling points accessible to the public that are located on public or private properties, such as public parkings or parkings of supermarkets. A recharging or refuelling point located on a private property that is accessible to the general public should be considered as publicly accessible also in cases where access is restricted to a certain general group of users, for example to clients. Recharging or refuelling points for car-sharing schemes should only be considered accessible to the public if they explicitly allow access for third party users. Recharging or refuelling points located on private properties, access to which is restricted to a limited, determinate circle of persons, such as parking lots in office buildings to which only employees or authorised persons have access, should not be considered as publicly accessible recharging or refuelling points.
(18) A recharging station is the single physical installation for the recharging of electric vehicles. Every station has a theoretical maximum power output, expressed in kW. Every station has at least one recharging point that can serve only one vehicle at a time. The number of recharging points at a recharging station determine the number of vehicles that can be recharged at that station at any given time. Where more than one vehicle recharges at that recharging station at a given time, the maximum power output is distributed to the different recharging points, such that the power provided at each individual recharging point is lower than the power output of that station. A recharging pool consists of one or more recharging stations at a specific location, including, as the case may be, the dedicated parking lots adjacent to them. For the targets set in this Regulation for recharging pools, the minimum power output required for those recharging pools could be provided by one or more recharging stations.
(19) The possibility to develop advanced digital services, including contract-based payment solutions, and to ensure transparent user information by digital means depends on the deployment of digitally connected and smart recharging points that support the creation of a digitally connected and interoperable infrastructure 51 . Those smart recharging points should comprise a set of physical attributes and technical specifications (hardware and software) that are necessary to send and receive data in real time, enabling the flow of information between market actors that are dependent on these data for fully developing the recharging experience, including charging point operators, mobility service providers, e-roaming platforms, distribution systems operators and, ultimately, end consumers.
(20) Smart metering systems as defined in Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council 52 enable real-time data to be produced, which is needed to ensure the stability of the grid and to encourage rational use of recharging services. By providing energy metering in real time and accurate and transparent information on the cost, they encourage, in combination with smart recharging points, recharging at times of low general electricity demand and low energy prices. The use of smart metering systems in combination with smart recharging points can optimise recharging, with benefits for the electricity system and for the end user. Member States should encourage the use of smart metering system for the recharging of electric vehicles at publicly accessible recharging stations, where technically feasible and economically reasonable, and ensure that these systems comply with the requirements laid down in Article 20 of Directive (EU) 2019/444.
(21) The increasing number of electric vehicles in road, rail, maritime and other transport modes will require that recharging operations are optimised and managed in a way that does not cause congestion and takes full advantage of the availability of renewable electricity and low electricity prices in the system. Smart recharging in particular can facilitate the integration of electric vehicles into the electricity system further as it enables demand response through aggregation and through price based demand response. System integration can further be facilitated through bi-directional recharging (vehicle-to-grid). All normal recharging points at which vehicles are typically parked for a longer period should therefore support smart recharging.
(22) The development of infrastructure for electric vehicles, the interaction of that infrastructure with the electricity system, and the rights and responsibilities assigned to the different actors in the electric mobility market, have to be consistent with the principles established under Directive (EU) 2019/944. In that sense, distribution system operators should cooperate on a non-discriminatory basis with any person establishing or operating publicly accessible recharging points and Member States should ensure that the electricity supply for a recharging point can be the subject of a contract with a supplier other than the entity supplying electricity to the household or premises where this recharging point is located. The access of Union electricity suppliers to recharging points should be without prejudice to the derogations under Article 66 of Directive (EU) 2019/944.
(23) The establishment and operation of recharging points for electric vehicles should be developed as a competitive market with open access to all parties interested in rolling-out or operating recharging infrastructures. In view of the limited alternative locations on highways, existing highway concessions such as for conventional refuelling stations or rest areas are a particular cause for concern, since they can run over very long periods and sometimes even lack a specified end date altogether. Member States should seek, to the extent possible and in compliance with Directive (EU) 2014/23 of the European Parliament and of the Council 53 , to competitively award new concessions specifically for recharging stations on or adjacent to existing highway rest areas in order to limit deployment cost and enable new market entrants.
(24) Price transparency is crucial to ensure seamless and easy recharging and refuelling. Users of alternative fuel vehicles should be given accurate price information before the start of the recharging or refuelling service. The price should be communicated in a clearly structured manner to allow end users to identify the different cost components.
(25) New services emerge, particularly in support of the use of electric vehicles. Entities offering those services, such as mobility service providers, should be able to operate under fair market conditions. In particular, operators of recharging points should not give unduly preferential treatment to any of those service providers, for instance through unjustified price differentiation that may impede competition and ultimately lead to higher prices for consumers. The Commission should monitor the development of the recharging market. When reviewing the Regulation, the Commission will take actions where required by market developments such as limitations of services for end users or business practices that may limit competition.
(26) Hydrogen-powered motor vehicles have at present very low market penetration rates. However, a build-up of sufficient hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is essential in order to make large-scale hydrogen-powered motor vehicle deployment possible as envisaged in the Commission’s hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe 54 . Currently, hydrogen refuelling points are only deployed in a few Member States and are largely not suitable for heavy-duty vehicles, not allowing for a circulation of hydrogen vehicles across the Union. Mandatory deployment targets for publicly accessible hydrogen refuelling points should ensure that a sufficiently dense network of hydrogen refuelling points is deployed across the TEN-T core network to allow for the seamless travel of hydrogen fuelled light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles throughout the Union.
(27) Hydrogen fuelled vehicles should be able to refuel at or close to the destination, which is usually located in an urban area. To ensure that publicly accessible destination refuelling is possible at least in the main urban areas, all urban nodes as defined in Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council 55 should provide such refuelling stations. Within the urban nodes, public authorities should consider to deploy the stations within multimodal freight centres as those are not only the typical destination for heavy-duty vehicles but could also serve hydrogen to other transport modes, such as rail and inland shipping.
(28) At the early stage of market deployment there is still a degree of uncertainty with regard to the kind of vehicles that will come into the market and to the kind of technologies that are going to be widely used. As outlined in the Commission’s communication ‘A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe’ 56 the heavy-duty segment was identified as the most likely segment for the early mass deployment of hydrogen vehicles. Therefore, hydrogen refuelling infrastructure should preliminarily focus on that segment while also allowing light-duty vehicles to fuel at publicly accessible hydrogen refuelling stations. To ensure interoperability, all publicly accessible hydrogen stations should at least serve gaseous hydrogen at 700 bar. The infrastructure roll out should also take into account the emergence of new technologies, such as liquid hydrogen, that allow a larger range for heavy-duty vehicles and are the preferred technology choice of some vehicle manufacturers. To that end, a minimum number of hydrogen refuelling stations should serve also liquid hydrogen in addition to gaseous hydrogen at 700 bar.
(29) A number of LNG refuelling points are established in the Union, already providing a backbone for the circulation of LNG driven heavy-duty vehicles. The TEN-T core network should remain the basis for the deployment of LNG infrastructure, and progressively for bio-LNG, as it covers the main traffic flows and allows cross border connectivity throughout the Union. It had been recommended in Directive 2014/94/EU that such refuelling points be installed every 400 km on the TEN-T core network, but certain limited gaps in the network remain to reach that objective. Member States should by 2025 reach that objective and fill the remaining gaps, after which the target should cease to apply.
(30) Users of alternative fuel vehicles should be able to pay easily and conveniently at all publicly accessible recharging and refuelling points, without the need to enter into a contract with the operator of the recharging or refuelling point or a mobility service provider. Therefore, for recharging or refuelling on an ad hoc basis, all publicly accessible recharging and refuelling points should accept payment instruments that are widely used in the Union, and in particular electronic payments through terminals and devices used for payment services. That ad hoc payment method should always be available to consumers, even when contract-based payments are offered at the recharging or refuelling point.
(31) Transport infrastructure should allow seamless mobility and accessibility for all users, including persons with disabilities and older persons. In principle, the location of all recharging and refuelling stations as well as the recharging and refuelling stations themselves should be designed in such a way that they can be used by as much of the public as possible, in particular by older persons, persons with reduced mobility and persons with disabilities. This should include for example providing sufficient space around the parking lot, ensuring that the recharging station is not installed on a kerbed surface, ensuring that the buttons or screen of the recharging station are at an appropriate height and the weight of the recharging and refuelling cables is such that persons with limited strength can handle them with ease. In addition the user interface of the related recharging stations should be accessible. In that sense, the accessibility requirements in Annexes I and III to Directive 2019/882 57 should be applicable to recharging and refuelling infrastructure.
(32) Shore-side electricity facilities can serve maritime and inland waterway transport as clean power supply and contribute to reducing the environmental impact of seagoing ships and inland waterway vessels. Under the FuelEU maritime initiative, ship operators of container and passenger ships need to comply with provisions to reduce emissions at berth. Mandatory deployment targets should ensure that the sector finds sufficient shore-side electricity supply in TEN-T core and comprehensive maritime ports to comply with those requirements. The application of these targets to all TEN-T maritime ports should ensure the level playing field between ports.
(33) Container ships and passenger ships, being the ship categories which are producing the highest amount of emissions per ship at berth, should as a priority be provided with shore-side electricity supply. In order to take into account power demand characteristics while at berth of different passenger ships, as well as port operational characteristics, it is necessary to distinguish between the passenger ship requirements for ro-ro passenger ships and high speed passenger vessels, and those for other passenger ships.
(34) These targets should take into account the types of vessels served and their respective traffic volumes. Maritime ports with low traffic volumes of certain ship categories, should be exempted from the mandatory requirements for the corresponding ship categories based on a minimum level of traffic volume, so as to avoid underused capacity being installed. Similarly, the mandatory targets should not aim to target maximum demand, but a sufficiently high volume, in order to avoid underused capacity and to take account of port operational characteristics. Maritime transport is an important link for the cohesion and economic development of islands in the Union. Energy production capacity in these islands may not always be sufficient to account for the power demand required to support the provision of shore-side electricity supply. In such a case islands should be exempted from this requirement unless and until such an electrical connection with the mainland has been completed or there is a sufficient locally generated capacity from clean energy sources.
(35) A core network of refuelling points for LNG at maritime ports should be available by 2025. Refuelling points for LNG include LNG terminals, tanks, mobile containers, bunker vessels and barges.
(36) Electricity supply to stationary aircraft at airports should replace the consumption of liquid fuel with a cleaner power source by aircraft (use of Auxiliary Power Unit) or ground power units (GPUs). This should reduce pollutant and noise emissions, improve air quality and reduce the impact on climate change. Therefore, all commercial transport operation should be able to make use of external electricity supply while parked at gates or at outfield positions at TEN-T airports.
(37) In accordance with Article 3 of Directive 2014/94/EU, Member States have established national policy frameworks outlining their plans and objectives to ensure that those objectives would be met. Both the assessment of the national policy framework and the evaluation of Directive 2014/94/EU have highlighted the need for higher ambition and a better coordinated approach across Member States in view of the expected acceleration in the uptake of alternative fuel vehicles, in particular of electric vehicles. Furthermore, alternatives to fossil fuel will be needed in all transport modes to meet the ambitions of the European Green Deal. The existing National Policy Frameworks should be revised to clearly describe how the much greater need for publicly accessible recharging and refuelling infrastructure as expressed in the mandatory targets is going to be met by the Member States. The revised frameworks should equally address all transport modes including those for which no mandatory deployment targets exists.
(38) The revised national policy frameworks should include supporting actions for the development of the market as regards alternative fuels, including the deployment of the necessary infrastructure to be put into place, in close cooperation with regional and local authorities and with the industry concerned, while taking into account the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises. Additionally, the revised frameworks should describe the overall national framework for planning, permitting and procuring of such infrastructure, including the identified obstacles and actions to remove them so shat a faster rollout of infrastructure can be achieved.
(39) The development and implementation of the revised national policy frameworks of the Member States should be facilitated by the Commission by means of exchanges of information and best practices between the Member States.
(40) In order to promote alternative fuels and develop the relevant infrastructure, the national policy frameworks should consist of detailed strategies to promote alternative fuels in sectors that are difficult to decarbonise such as aviation, maritime transport, inland waterway transport as well as rail transport on network segments that cannot be electrified. In particular, Member States should develop clear strategies for the decarbonisation of inland waterway transport along the TEN-T network in close cooperation with those Member States concerned. Long term decarbonisation strategies should also be developed for TEN-T ports and TEN-T airports, in particular with a focus on the deployment of infrastructure for low and zero emission vessels and aircraft as well as for railway lines that are not going to be electrified. On the basis of those strategies the Commission should review this Regulation with a view to setting more mandatory targets for those sectors.
(41) Member States should make use of a wide range of regulatory and non-regulatory incentives and measures to reach the mandatory targets and implement their national policy frameworks, in close cooperation with private sector actors, who should play a key role in supporting the development of alternative fuels infrastructure.
(42) Pursuant to Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 58 , minimum national shares of public procurement are reserved for clean and zero-emission buses, where a clean bus uses alternative fuels as defined in Article 2, point (3) of this Regulation. With ever more public transport authorities and operators switching to clean and zero-emission buses in order to reach those targets, Member States should include the targeted promotion and development of the necessary bus infrastructure as a key element in their National Policy Frameworks. Member States should establish and maintain appropriate instruments to promote the deployment of charging and refuelling infrastructure also for captive fleets, in particular for clean and zero-emission buses at local level.
(43) In light of the increasing diversity in the type of fuels for motorised vehicles coupled with on-going growth in the road mobility of citizens across the Union, it is necessary to provide vehicle users with clear and easy-to-understand information on the fuels available at refuelling stations and on the compatibility of their vehicle with different fuels or recharging points on the Union market. Member States should be able to decide to implement such information measures also in respect of vehicles placed on the market before 18 November 2016.
(44) Simple and easy-to-compare information on the prices of different fuels could play an important role in enabling vehicle users to better evaluate the relative cost of individual fuels available on the market. Therefore, a unit price comparison of certain alternative fuels and conventional fuels, expressed as ‘fuel price per 100km’, should be displayed for information purposes at all relevant fuel stations.
(45) It is necessary to provide consumers with sufficient information regarding the geographic location, characteristics and services offered at the publicly accessible recharging and refuelling points of alternative fuels covered by this Regulation. Therefore, Member States should ensure that operators or owners of publicly accessible recharging and refuelling points make relevant static and dynamic data available. Requirements on data types regarding availability of and accessibility to relevant recharging and refuelling-related data should be laid down, building on the outcomes of the Programme Support Action on “Data collection related to recharging/refuelling points for alternative fuels and the unique identification codes related to e-mobility actors” (‘IDACS’).
(46) Data should play a fundamental role in the adequate functioning of recharging and refuelling infrastructure. The format, the frequency and the quality in which these data should be made available and accessible should determine the overall quality of an alternative fuels infrastructure ecosystem that meets user needs. Moreover, those data should be accessible in a coherent manner in all Member States. Therefore, data should be provided in accordance with the requirements set in Directive 2010/40/EU of the European Parliament and the Council 59 for national access points (NAPs).
(47) It is crucial that all actors in the electric mobility ecosystem can interact easily through digital means to provide the best service quality to the end user. This requires unique identifiers of relevant actors in the value chain. To that end, Member States should appoint an Identification Registration Organisation (‘IDRO’) for issuing and managing unique identification (‘ID’) codes to identify, at least, operators of recharging points and mobility service providers. The IDRO should collect information on e-mobility ID codes that are already in use in the respective Member State; issue new e-mobility codes, where needed, to recharging point operators and mobility service providers under an Union-wide common agreed logic in which electro-mobility ID codes are formatted; allow to exchange and verify the uniqueness of these e-mobility codes via a possible future common Identification Registration Repository (‘IDRR’). The Commission should issue technical guidance on the set up of such organisation, drawing on the Programme Support Action on “Data collection related to recharging/refuelling points for alternative fuels and the unique identification codes related to e-mobility actors” (‘IDACS’).
(48) Maritime transport and inland navigation need new standards to facilitate and consolidate the entry into the market of alternative fuels, in relation to electricity supply and hydrogen, methanol and ammonia bunkering, but also standards for communication exchange between vessels and infrastructure.
(49) The International Maritime Organization (‘IMO’) develops uniform and internationally recognised safety and environmental standards for maritime transport. Conflicts with international standards should be avoided in view of the global nature of maritime transport. Therefore, the European Union should ensure that technical specifications for maritime transport adopted pursuant to this Regulation are consistent with international rules adopted by the IMO.
(50) Technical specifications for interoperability of recharging and refuelling points should be specified in European or international standards. The European standardisation organisations (‘ESOs’) should adopt European standards in accordance with Article 10 of Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council 60 . Those standards should be based on current international standards or ongoing international standardisation work, where applicable.
(51) Technical specifications as specified in Annex II to Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council are to remain applicable as specified in that Directive.
(52) In the application of this Regulation, the Commission should consult relevant expert groups, and in particular the Sustainable Transport Forum (‘STF’) and the European Sustainable Shipping Forum (‘ESSF’). Such expert consultation is of particular importance when the Commission intends to adopt delegated or implementing acts under this Regulation.
(53) Alternative fuels infrastructure is a fast developing area. The lack of common technical specification constitutes a barrier for the creation of a single market of alternative fuels infrastructure. Therefore, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission to norm technical specifications for areas where common technical specifications are outstanding but necessary. In particular, this should include the communication between the electric vehicle and the recharging point, the communication between the recharging point and the recharging software management system (back-end); the communication related to the electric vehicle roaming service and the communication with the electricity grid. It is also necessary to define the suitable governance framework and roles of the different actors involved in the vehicle-to-grid communication ecosystem. Moreover, emerging technological developments, such as electric road systems (‘ERS’) have to be accounted for. As concerns data provision, it is necessary to provide for additional data types and technical specifications related to the format, the frequency and the quality in which these data should be made available and accessible.
(54) The market for alternative fuels and in particular for zero emission fuels is still in the early stages of development and technology is evolving fast. This should likely affect the demand for alternative fuels and consequently for alternative fuels infrastructure across the modes. The Commission should therefore review this Regulation by the end of 2026 in particular as regards the targets setting for electric recharging points for HDV as well as targets for infrastructure for alternative fuels for zero-emission vessels and aircraft in waterborne transport and aviation.
(55) Since the objective of this Regulation, namely to promote a broad market development of alternative fuels, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States individually, but can rather, by reason of the need for action to meet the demand for a critical mass of alternative fuel vehicles and for cost-efficient developments by European industry, and to allow Union-wide mobility of alternative fuel vehicles, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective.
(56) Directive 2014/94/EU should therefore be repealed,