Annexes to COM(2005)465 - I2010 : digital libraries - Main contents
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This page contains a limited version of this dossier in the EU Monitor.
| dossier | COM(2005)465 - I2010 : digital libraries. |
|---|---|
| document | COM(2005)465  |
| date | September 30, 2005 |
For literature, this means that only works from the early 1900s or before are available without copyright restrictions, depending on the year of death of the author. But even if works are out of copyright, the situation is not always straightforward. There may be rights attached to the different editions of a work that is itself no longer protected by copyrights, for example rights to introductions, covers and typography.
An online library offering works beyond public domain material is not possible without a substantial change in the copyright legislation, or agreements, on a case by case basis, with the rightholders.
In this context, the clarification and transparency of the copyright status of works is very relevant. In some cases, the costs of establishing the IPR-status of a work will be higher than its digitisation and bringing it online. This is particularly true for so called ‘orphan works’ – films or books for which it is impossible or very difficult to determine who are the rightholders. These elements are highlighted in the staff working paper and the online consultation accompanying this document.
Questions of online accessibility are not limited to intellectual property rights. Putting material online does not mean it can be found easily by the user, still less that it can be searched and used. Appropriate services allowing the user to discover and work with the content are necessary. This implies structured and quality description of the content, both the collections and the items in them, and support for its use (e.g. annotation).
6. PRESERVING DIGITAL CONTENT
Making a digital copy of a book or a film does not necessarily guarantee its long-term survival. All digital material – digitised works as well as ‘born digital’ material – has to be maintained in order to keep it available for use. Therefore digitisation without a proper preservation strategy can turn into a wasted investment.
Digital preservation is a vital problem for the information society, where the supply of information is growing exponentially and where content is becoming more and more dynamic. At present, there is little experience with digital preservation, the legal framework is evolving, resources are scarce and the outcome of preservation efforts is uncertain. The problem deserves to be urgently addressed both by politicians and by the institutions most concerned. Its impact goes far beyond the realm of libraries and archives and concerns all organisations producing digital information and interested in maintaining its availability.
There are different causes for the loss of digital content. A first reason is the succession of generations of hardware that can render files unreadable.
To mark the 900th anniversary of the Domesday Book in 1985, a new multimedia edition was compiled. In 2002, it looked as if the disc had become unreadable as computers capable of reading the format had become rare. To save it, a system was developed capable of accessing the discs using emulation techniques. Interestingly, while there are difficulties accessing digital data from 1986, the original Domesday Book, now over 900 years old, can still be consulted.
The rapid succession and obsolescence of computer programmes is another factor. Unless data are migrated to current programs or care is taken to preserve the original source code, retrieval of information may become very costly, if not impossible. This is particularly true of ‘closed’ data formats, for which the source code is not publicly known. The limited lifetime of digital storage devices, for example CD-ROMs is another reason for the loss of digital content.
Libraries and archives have started tackling the issues of preservation in the digital age at a limited scale. Some collaboration across borders exists, but overall action in Europe is fragmented. Within the individual Member States there is, in general, no clear policy on digital preservation. Where national preservation plans do exist they tend to concentrate on safeguarding analogue material which is at risk, rather than venturing into the area of digital materials.
Most progress is made in the area of legal deposit, with Member States introducing obligatory deposit for digital materials to ensure that the material is collected and stored by the relevant institutions. However, at present the scope of the schemes varies widely from country to country. For example, sometimes they cover dynamic online material, sometimes not.
The basic challenges for digital preservation are similar to the ones for digitisation:
Financial challenges: The real costs of long-term digital preservation are not clear. They depend on factors such as the number of migrations needed over time. It is, however, obvious that due to the limited resources available, choices have to be made as to which material should be preserved.
Organisational challenges: Choices are necessary, but who decides and who is responsible for preserving what? In an area where some basic questions are far from being answered, there is a risk of widely divergent approaches and duplication of efforts. European added-value can be found in ensuring complementarities and an exchange of good practices. Preserving digital information also requires new ways of working. This includes upgrading the skills of staff as well as more collaboration between public and private players.
Technical challenges: So far, limited research has been done on digital preservation. A major challenge is to improve its cost-efficiency and affordability. Advancing understanding of how to preserve high volumes of rapidly changing distributed information is another essential area to be addressed. Progress on related topics, such as tools for automatic analysis and for indexing will contribute to ensuring that information remains accessible and available for re-use.
Legal challenges: As digital preservation depends on copying and migration, it has to be considered in the light of IPR legislation. Other challenges are related to the legal deposit of digital material: The diverging speed and scope of the legal measures adopted by the Member States could lead to a patchwork of different rules affecting content producers with cross-border activities. At the intersection between legal deposit and IPRs, the introduction of technological protection measures to prevent copying, or of digital rights management systems restricting the access to digital material raises a whole set of new issues. Legal deposit schemes may fall short of their useful purpose if unprotected copies are not made available by those who produce the information.
7. THE EUROPEAN RESPONSE
Organising and funding the digitisation of cultural collections and digital preservation is primarily a responsibility of the Member States. There are, however, areas where considerable European added value can be achieved, and where work at European level has started some years ago. This work will now be stepped up and complemented by new activities.
7.1. Initiatives under way
Co-ordination at European level
The importance of digitising Europe’s cultural heritage was already recognised by the Commission in the e Europe action plan. This gave rise, in 2001, to the Lund Principles and the corresponding Lund action plan, and to the creation of a National Representatives Group on digitisation. As for digital preservation, a Council resolution of 2002 underlined the importance of this issue and called on the Member States to address it.[7]
For the audiovisual sector, the draft Parliament and Council recommendation on the cinematographic heritage and the competitiveness of the related industrial activities[8] is particularly relevant. It calls on the Member States, amongst other things, to allow copying for preservation purposes.
Co-funding
EU research funding has resulted in a portfolio of projects aiming at making Europe’s cultural heritage more accessible through the use of new technologies. Projects supporting co-operation between Europe’s national libraries have developed from exchange of cataloguing records to The European Library project (TEL). TEL has now been launched as an operational service providing a single gateway to the collections of Europe’s national libraries.
While only a few projects under the research programmes have started tackling the issue of digital preservation, several of the projects specifically address digitisation. One example, in which digitisation is used as a means to preserve analogue material, is PRESTOSPACE.
PRESTOSPACE (2004-2007, 9 MEUR co-funding) is developing a toolkit which audiovisual archives can use to digitise audiovisual material. The tools will lead to more affordable and better quality digitisation in view of converting and preserving analogue audiovisual material.
7.2. New or reinforced initiatives
Strategic discussion with stakeholders and reinforced co-ordination
On the basis of the questions in Annexe II to this Communication, there will be an online consultation on organisational, legal and technical challenges for digitisation, online accessibility of content and digital preservation. The results will be an important input for a possible Recommendation on digitisation and digital preservation. They will feed into other processes, such as the implementation of the Community RTD programmes and the revision of the copyrights framework. A High Level Expert Group on digital libraries will advise the Commission on how to best address the identified challenges at European level.
The Commission will increase its efforts to stimulate European co-operation on digitisation and digital preservation. The aim is to give a new impetus to the digitisation process in the Member States, to avoid duplication of effort, and to encourage take-up of good practices. The update of the Lund action-plan, scheduled under the UK presidency, can have an important function in this respect, dealing with a number of technical aspects. The use of quantitative indicators within the Lund-context would help to measure progress throughout Europe.
Special attention will be devoted to the work of the national and deposit libraries, predominant actors and committed to contributing to a European digital library.
Co-funding
At Community level, the Research and e Content plus programmes will be mobilised towards actions with a European interest and scale on digitisation, digital preservation and accessibility of cultural content. The Regional Funds already co-fund digitisation initiatives in some of the Member States and could further contribute to digitisation.
Applied digitisation of cultural heritage has become an objective of cooperation projects co-financed under the “Culture 2000” programme in an increasing number of cases; within the “Culture 2007” programme as proposed by the Commission, co-funding will be available for cooperation projects improving the transnational circulation of cultural works and products, including through digitisation and online access.
Research
Under the research programmes, the Commission will take the following specific initiatives in the area of cultural content, next to ongoing generic content-related research (search engines, language technologies, etc):
The latest call of the Information Society Technologies programme, closed on 21 September 2005, has earmarked 36 MEUR for research on new technologies for searching and retrieving cultural content (22 MEUR) and for digital preservation (14 MEUR).
Under the seventh Framework Programme, the Commission proposes to expand its contribution to research in the areas of digitisation, access to digital cultural content and digital preservation. Technological progress in this area is proposed, amongst others, to be stimulated through a network of Centres of Competence, which could become the cornerstone of European digitisation and preservation. The Community would contribute to these Centres by co-financing projects.
The Centres, selected through calls for proposals, will house the different competencies – technical and legal – needed to achieve excellence for digitisation and preservation processes. They will integrate and build on existing know-how in technology companies, universities, cultural institutions, and other relevant organisations. They will:
- do research and support advanced technical solutions, testing and benchmarking them in practice on high volumes of resources;
- promote the adaptation and transfer of these solutions to cultural institutions;
- transfer knowledge to and support the development of skills in the user institutions.
eContentplus
Within the e Content plus programme, 60 MEUR will be available in the period 2005-2008 for projects improving the accessibility and usability of European cultural and scientific content. Achieving interoperability between national digital collections and services (e.g. through common standards) and facilitating access and use of the material in a multilingual context will be core objectives.
In summary:
Strategic discussion with stakeholders and reinforced co-ordination Online consultation on digitisation and digital preservation (Commission 2005) Establishment of High Level Expert Group (Commission 2005) Proposal for a Recommendation on digitisation and digital preservation (Commission 2006) Input for relevant initiatives such as the review of the copyright rules (2006) and the implementation of FP7 (2007) Update Lund action plan (including quantitative indicators) and discussion in Council on commitment MS to digitisation and digital preservation (MS/Commission 2005) Catalyse and stimulate work of the national libraries (Commission/national libraries 2005-2007) Co-funding 36 MEUR in call 5 FP6 (2005) Increased research effort on digitisation, digital preservation and access to cultural content in FP7 (2007) Centres of Competence on digitisation and preservation in FP7 (2007) 60 MEUR in eContentplus (2005-2008) |
- 8. CONCLUSION
Information technologies have the potential to make Europe’s cultural and scientific heritage visible and available for present and future use. This requires a common effort at the level of the Member States - whose efforts on digitisation and digital preservation are at present very much fragmented - and at Community level. A successful response to the challenges involved can speed up digitisation, increase the accessibility of information and ensure the long term preservation of digital content. The Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse the approach presented and Member States to join the efforts at Union level to make digital libraries a reality across Europe.
[1] Many of the issues raised are also relevant for museums presenting their collections online.
[2] International library statistics: Trends and Commentary based on the Libecon data , D. Fuegi and M. Jennings, 2004.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Survey by the IST Presto project which ended in October 2002. http://presto.joanneum.ac.at/index.asp
[5] European Parliament and Council directive of 22 May 2001, OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
[6] The term public domain is used here in a narrow sense, referring to information resources which can be freely accessed and used by all, for example because copyrights have expired.
[7] Council Resolution of 25 June 2002, Preserving tomorrow's memory: preserving digital content for future generations, OJ C 162, 6.7.2002, p. 4. The issue is also touched upon in the Commission proposal of 18.2.2005 for a Council recommendation on priority actions to increase cooperation in the field of archives of Europe, COM(2005) 53 final.
[8] Agreed between Parliament and Council in first reading, but not yet formally adopted.