Annexes to SEC(2011)957 - Document de travail des services de la Commission accompagnant la Communication de la Commission au Parlement européen, au Conseil, au Comité Economique et Social européen et au Comité des Régions 'Programme européen pour l'intégration des ressortissants de pays tiers' - Main contents
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| dossier | SEC(2011)957 - Document de travail des services de la Commission accompagnant la Communication de la Commission au Parlement européen, au ... |
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| document | SEC(2011)957  |
| date | July 20, 2011 |
4.9. Culture
Integration is not only about succeeding economically and socially, it is also about achieving a sense of belonging. Intercultural dialogue needs to accompany and support economic and social integration. Deepening the knowledge and understanding cultural traditions and values, and participating in different aspects of collective life are important aspects of the two-way process of mutual accommodation between migrants and the receiving society. Frequent interaction between immigrants and Member State citizens is a fundamental mechanism for integration. Shared forums, education about immigrants and immigrant cultures, and stimulating living conditions in urban environments enhance the interactions between immigrants and Member State citizens. The practice of diverse cultures and religions is guaranteed under the Charter of Fundamental Rights and must be safeguarded, unless practices conflict with other inviolable European rights or with national law.[66]
4.9.1. European Agenda for Culture
Culture lies at the heart of the European project and is the anchor on which the EU's "unity in diversity" is founded. The combination of respect for cultural diversity and the ability to unite around shared values has guaranteed the peace, prosperity and solidarity the EU enjoys. In 2010 the Commission has published a communication on the 'Implementation of the European Agenda for Culture'[67], followed by the Council Conclusion endorsing the 'Work Plan for Culture 2011-2014'[68]. Under the Priority Area tackling Cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and accessible and inclusive culture, а group of experts appointed by Member States will work on the identification of policies and good practices in creating spaces in public arts and cultural institutions to facilitate exchanges among cultures and between social groups, in particular by highlighting the intercultural dimension of the heritage and by promoting artistic and cultural education and developing intercultural competences. Besides, in 2011 the Commission will work on the analysis of good practices and instruments to promote culturally inclusive cities, building on the results of projects co-funded by the EU on management of diversity in cities.
4.9.2. Activities on Intercultural Dialogue
Intercultural dialogue is an ongoing priority of the EU. It is also one of three specific objectives of the Culture Programme (see below 4.9.3). After the implementation of a successful 2008 European Year of Intercultural Dialogue, the Commission is actively continuing work in this field. This includes in particular initiatives supporting cooperation on intercultural dialogue, such as the joint action by the Council of Europe and the Commission on 'Intercultural cities: governance and policies for diverse communities' and the 'Platform for Intercultural Europe'.
Intercultural Cities is a joint project of the Council of Europe and the Commission. It supports cities in the definition of an intercultural strategy to adapt governance systems and policies in all relevant fields to the needs of a diverse population. All services are reviewed through an 'intercultural lens', aiming at increasing opportunities for interaction and concrete collaboration among communities. Management of intercultural conflict, which is often inevitable, is also at the centre of such strategies. Handled well, it can lead to mutual learning and growth for all participants, including city authorities.
4.9.3. Financial instruments in support of culture
The EU’s Culture programme has a budget of 400 Million Euro for the period 2007-2013, for projects and initiatives to enrich Europe's cultural diversity and enhance its shared cultural heritage. The Culture programme aims to achieve three main objectives: to promote cross-border mobility of those working in the cultural sector; to encourage the transnational circulation of cultural and artistic output; and to foster intercultural dialogue. For the achievement of these objectives, the programme supports three strands of activities: cultural actions; European-level cultural bodies; and analysis and dissemination activities.
4.10. Sport 4.10.1. Developing the European Dimension in Sport
Sport enables immigrants and the host society to interact in a positive way, thus furthering integration and inter-cultural dialogue, as highlighted in the Communication on 'Developing the European Dimension in Sport.[69] Sport has been increasingly included in specific programmes for immigrants, but national approaches differ considerably. Sport can be a vehicle to promote social inclusion of minorities and other vulnerable or disadvantaged groups and contribute towards better understanding among communities. Sport has been increasingly included in specific programmes for immigrants in a number of Member Sates, but national approaches differ considerably and often lack evidence based strategies. Especially girls and women need more intention in these programmes because sports can bring them out of isolation.
4.11. Health 4.11.1. Solidarity in health: reducing health inequalities in the EU
Vulnerable and socially excluded groups, including also people from some migrant or ethnic minority backgrounds, experience particularly poor average levels of health. Particular attention needs to be given to the needs of people in poverty, disadvantaged migrant and ethnic minority groups, people with disabilities, elderly people or children living in poverty. For some groups, the issue of health inequality including reduced access to adequate health care can be qualified as one which involves their fundamental rights. Actions to be implemented should aim to: raise awareness and promote actions to improve access and appropriateness of health services, health promotion and preventive care, through the identification and exchange of good practice supported by the health and other programmes.[70]
4.11.2. Public health
Ensuring public health protection is a key objective of the Treaty, particularly as regards serious cross border health threats. Legislation on communicable diseases[71] provides for surveillance and alert systems at EU level for a specified number of communicable diseases, and allows for coordination of measures in case of need. In the case of migrants, issues relating to prevention and control of communicable diseases are well known, and specific strategies have been developed and implemented for example as regards Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, measles and other vaccine preventable diseases. The EU Health Programme has supported a number of projects which are either specifically addressing the needs of migrants' health protection or could reinforce Member State public health capacity.[72] Furthermore, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control has carried out several risk assessments, analyses, and country visits in respect of communicable disease issues affecting migrants.[73]
4.12. Research
Within the Research Programme on Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) of the Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, an important amount of research projects have been funded in the areas of migration and integration. The projects address a wide range of issues and demonstrate that migration is inextricably linked to social, political and economic concerns such as economic growth, economic instability, climate change, welfare, health, youth, age, gender, education, political participation and social cohesion.
In order to support evidence based policy making, new and emerging migration trends have been investigated and up-to date empirical knowledge has been analysed on the realities of migration and the lives of migrants. As an example, the INCLUD-ED project ('Strategies for Inclusion and Social Cohesion in Europe from education') analysed educational strategies that contribute to overcoming inequalities and promoting social cohesion, as well as educational strategies that generate social inclusion, particularly focusing on vulnerable and marginalised groups including migrants. Successful Educational Actions have been identified by the project, analysing their organisation and contribution to the improvement of academic results and coexistence in schools.
The project shows that educational performance is not linked to the ethnic composition of the class but rather to implementing best practices and evidence-based methods. Also the family participation is very important to increase school success and social inclusion: the training of relatives at the school and family participation in children's learning at home and inside the schools are key actions.
New theoretical approaches, concepts and methodologies have also been developed through the different research projects funded by the SSH Programme. This includes undocumented migrant workers, women migrants, citizenship and integration issues. Also developments in migration research have been explored, such as trans-nationalism, which emphasise the emergence of transnational spaces, in which migrants establish social fields that cross geographic, cultural, and political borders and go beyond the dimension of sending and receiving countries.
4.13. Information and Communication Technology 4.13.1. A digital agenda for Europe
The digital agenda for Europe is the EU strategy for a flourishing digital economy by 2020.[74] It outlines policies and actions to maximise the benefit of the digital revolution for all. To achieve these goals, the Commission will work closely with national governments, concerned organisations and companies, gathering an annual Digital Assembly that will bring stakeholders together to assess progress and emerging challenges. This initiative builds on the achievements of the i2010 and the targets set by the Conclusions of the 2006 Riga Ministerial Conference “ICT for an inclusive society”, where Member States had agreed to put in place, by 2008, digital literacy and competence actions, in particular through formal or informal education systems, building on existing initiatives, tackling the needs of groups at risk of exclusion (including vulnerable migrant communities), because of their social circumstances or their capacities and special needs, contributing to their employability and working conditions. In this context, tailored ICT training and support actions could help improving the possibilities for economic and social participation and integration, creativity and entrepreneurship of immigrants and minorities by stimulating their participation in the information society.
Research carried out in support of the implementation of the e-Inclusion policies launched at the 2006 Riga Ministerial Declaration on e-Inclusion shows that migrants have similar PC-Internet uptake compared to native population.[75] They major motivations are: keeping in touch in mobility, supporting their children education, looking for jobs, learning and living in the digital society. Internet shops have a crucial role for access, especially for newly arrived and young. In this context, migrants´ high motivation and adoption of ICT should be seen as a policy opportunity for integration.
However, in spite of a significant number of initiatives identified across the 27 EU Member States that aim at supporting migrants' integration through access, skills and use of ICT, a number of challenges have been encountered to maximize the potential of ICT. Digital exclusion is still important. Factors like age, host language proficiency, education level, socio-economic status and gender are shaping the digital divide. Also, the lack infrastructure (Broadband, Public Internet Access Points) in disadvantaged and segregated areas is creating barriers for accessing the opportunities. While digital access and skills are crucial, successful digital inclusion measures are the ones that focus digital literacy acquisition in a problem oriented and purposeful context that supports integration, i.e., focusing for example on skills development and language acquisition, job finding[76], access to health information and services, and information and access to legal rights and public services.[77] The barriers here encompass insufficient intermediaries' digital skills and support as well as lack of sustainability of ICT- based initiatives. Lack of awareness and information among the stakeholders (policy actors, integration actors, social actors, migrants, etc) is also common.[78]
4.14. Statistics
Migration and integration policies rely heavily on high quality statistics for policy formulation and monitoring of results. Several actions have been envisaged to improve the capacity to collect and publish statistics on migrants and their socio-economic characteristics at EU level.[79] Statistics on the social situation and integration of migrants are developed in line with the 'Malta Declaration on the Mainstreaming of Migration in official statistics'.[80] In response to the Malta Declaration, Eurostat has been working at EU level, together with a Strategic Task Force composed of the Directors of Social Statistics from selected EU countries and other relevant Directorates General of the Commission, to develop a conceptual framework for mainstreaming migration statistics and a work programme for the development of statistics on migration in the period up to 2016, including the improved use of censuses, surveys and administrative data sources, data linkage and integration, and better communication and cooperation at national and international levels.
At the EU level, work has also been carried out to develop indicators to monitor results of integration policies, as proposed in the annex to the Council conclusions on integration of June 2010.[81] The aim is to increase comparability and reinforce the European learning process. Eurostat has published a pilot study on the availability and quality of data required to calculate these indicators, which will provide a basis for analysis and systematic monitoring of the situation of migrants and the results of integration policies.[82] The relevance of the proposed indicators will also be explored further based on the report. To ensure effectiveness, the data used should be complemented by contextual analysis at national and EU level.
A few preliminary observations can be made in relation to the data used to calculate the indicators proposed in the four areas: employment, education, social inclusion and active citizenship. The data sources are the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), as well as Eurostat's migration statistics, specifically data from administrative sources on acquisition of citizenship and residence permits).
4.14.1. Activity rate
At EU level, the average activity rate of third-country nationals aged 20-64 is 3 pp lower than that of the total population. The highest gaps concern female third-country nationals in the prime working ages 25-54, whose activity rate is 14 pp lower than the activity rate of all women in this age group. The lower activity rate of third-country nationals in the prime working ages 25-54 (in comparison to the total population) is noticeable in most Member States with the exception of Estonia, Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal.
4.14.2. Employment rate
At the EU level, in the age group 20-64, the employment rate of third-country nationals is 10 pp lower than that of the total population. The lower employment rate of third-country nationals in the prime working ages 25-54 (in comparison to the total population) is noticeable in almost all Member States. At EU level, the highest gaps concern female third-country nationals in the age group 25-54, whose employment rate is 19 pp lower than the employment rate of all women in this age group, with far larger differences seen in some individual Member States, as for example Belgium with a gap of 43 pp, France a gap of 36 pp, the Netherlands a gap of 35, Slovenia a gap of 58 pp, Finland a gap of 34 pp and Sweden a gap of 38 pp.
4.14.3. Unemployment rate
At the EU level, in the age group 20-64, the unemployment rate of third-country nationals is much higher than the unemployment rate of the total population (19% compared to 9%). The highest gaps concern male third-country nationals in the age group 55-64, whose unemployment rate is 13 pp higher than the unemployment rate of all men in this age group. The higher unemployment rates of third-country nationals in the prime working ages 25-54 (in comparison to all persons of this age group) are noticeable in almost all Member States with the exception of Greece.
4.14.4. Overqualification rate
In the age group 20-64, the overqualification rate of third-country nationals is much higher than the overqualification rate of the total population (45% to 21%). This can be seen both for men (21 pp gap to total population) and women (28 pp gap to total population). The highest gaps concern female third-country nationals in the age group 55-64, whose overqualification rate is 33 pp higher than the overqualification rate of all women in this age group. The higher overqualification rates of third-country nationals in both the groups aged 20-64 and 25-54 (in comparison to all persons of this age group) are noticeable in all Member States for which reliable data are available.
4.14.5. Self-employment
The interpretation of self-employment as an indicator of integration is open to discussion and the results should be analysed very carefully taking into account the particular situation in the country concerned. For some migrants self-employment may be seen as an escape from long periods of unemployment and from discrimination in the labour market. Others could see comparative advantages in self-employment. In the age group 20-64, the self-employment rate of third-country nationals is lower than the self-employment rate of the total population (10% compared to 15%). This is seen for both men (6 pp gap compared to the total population) and women (3 pp compared to the total population). The highest negative gap concerns male third-country nationals in the age group 55-64, whose self employment rate is 11 percentage points lower than the self-employment rate of all men in this age group. Analysing the situation for individual countries, the lowest self-employment rates of third-country nationals compared to the total population are seen in southern Member States and in Ireland. In contrast, the highest self-employment rate of third-country nationals (again compared to the total population) is in the Czech Republic with 39%.
4.14.6. Educational attainment
At the EU level, in the age group 20-64, the share of third-country nationals with high educational attainment is lower than the share of all highly educated persons in the same age group (19% compared to 24%). Similar results can be seen for the age group 25-54. The differences between third-country nationals and the total population are more pronounced for the proportion with lower levels of education. Migrants are significantly under-represented at the medium educational level (regardless their age and sex) and over-represented to a much greater extent at the lowest educational level. In the prime working ages of 25-54, there is a difference of 19 pp between the share of third-country nationals with low educational attainment and the share of all persons with low educational attainment. The proportions of third-country nationals with tertiary and low education differ significantly between individual Member States. Ireland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Sweden and the United Kingdom have a high degree of migrants with a high level of education. In contrast, there are Member States in which the proportion of lower educated third-country nationals exceeds considerably the share of the total population with a low level of education, e.g. Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria and Slovenia. This is seen for both men and women.
4.14.7. 30-34-year-olds with tertiary educational attainment
At the EU level, the share of third-country nationals aged 30-34 with a high level of educational attainment (tertiary level education) is 23% compared to 32% for the total population aged 30-34. A smaller proportion of male third-country nationals are tertiary educated compared to female third-country nationals (21% compared to 26%). Analysing the data by individual countries, lower shares of highly educated 30–34-year-olds third-country nationals can be seen in 13 Member States, with gaps in excess of 15 pp noted in Belgium, Greece, Spain, Latvia and the Netherlands.
4.14.8. Early leavers from education and training
Young people with a migrant background are generally at greater risk of exiting the education and training system without having obtained an upper secondary qualification. At the EU level, the share of third-country national early school leavers aged 18-24 is higher than the share of early school leavers aged 18-24 of the total population (34% compared to 14%). The greatest differences in the shares are in Greece, Italy and Austria. In each of these countries, the gap between the proportions of third-country nationals and of the total population who are early leavers from education and training is greater than 20 pp. In contrast, in the UK the situation is reversed and the share of third-country national early school leavers aged 18-24 is lower than the share of early school leavers aged 18-24 in the overall population. For the UK, this lower rate concerns particularly men (8 pp gap).
4.14.9. Median disposable income
In the majority of Member States, the median annual equalised disposable income (presented in PPS) for third-country national is considerably lower than that of the total population. The median income of third-country nationals in the prime working ages of 25-54 is less than 70% of the median disposable income of the total population in Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Finland and Sweden. Only in Malta are third-country nationals in a more favourable situation compared to the total population.
4.14.10. Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion
21% of the total population aged 20-64 in the EU is at risk of poverty or social exclusion. At the EU level, the proportion of third-country nationals aged 20-64 at risk of poverty or exclusion was higher than the proportion of the total population in this age group with a gap of 18 pp. This larger proportion at risk of poverty or social exclusion was particularly noted for third-country nationals in Belgium, France, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Sweden, in which the proportion of third-country nationals aged 20-64 at risk of poverty or social exclusion was at least 25 percentage points higher than the proportion for the total population in this age group.
4.14.11. Persons at risk of poverty after social transfers
15% of the total population aged 20-64 in the EU is at risk of poverty after social transfers. The gap to the total population is particularly large for third-country nationals. At EU level, 31% of third-country nationals in the same age group are at risk of poverty after social transfers. At national level, the gaps are particularly high in Belgium, France, Luxembourg and Sweden, which all have a gap of at least 30 pp.
4.14.12. Self-perceived health status
The interpretation of self-perceived health status as an indicator is open to discussion. Currently, this is the only information available and comparable across the EU in relation to migrants' health status. At the EU level, in the age group 20-64, the share of third-country nationals who perceived their health as good is similar to that of the total population (78% to 75%). The largest gaps concern male third-country nationals in the age group 55-64 perceiving their health as good; the difference in proportion compared to all persons in this age group is -9 pp.
4.14.13. Property owners
At the EU level, in the age group 20-64, the ratio of property owners to non-property owners among the third-country nationals is 0.5. In contrast, the ratio of property owners to non- property owners for the total population in the age group 20-64 is more than four times higher at 2.2.
4.14.14. Acquisition of citizenship
For almost all Member States, the rate of acquisition of citizenship is higher for third-country nationals than for all foreigners together. The country with the highest level of the rate of acquisition by third-country nationals in 2009, as a share of the total number of resident foreigners at the beginning of the year, was the United Kingdom (8,2%), followed by Sweden (7,7%), Poland (7%) and Portugal (7%).
Evidence shows that naturalised migrants and their children fare better in the labour market than those who are not naturalised. It is difficult, though, to judge whether naturalisation boosts integration or whether migrants who are better integrated are more likely to seek or be granted host-country nationality.[83]
4.14.15. Public perceptions
Facts and figures are important in order to address public concerns about migration and to raise awareness of the situation of migrants in different areas of life. It is also important to study the development of perceptions over time on the basis of objective data from different sources. In 2011, the Commission carried out a Eurobarometer on Migrant Integration interviewing both EU citizens and migrants. The results show that both migrants and EU citizens have concerns regarding the integration processand that more efforts are needed from the side of governments, migrants and the general public. Migrants and EU citizens agree that the top four most important factors that facilitate integration are: speaking the language; having a job; respecting local cultures; and enjoying legal status.
On other hand, another survey carried out in some EU Member States in 2010 indicated that public concerns about immigration did not increase following the economic crisis.[84]
How many Europeans think that immigration is “more of a problem than of an opportunity”? 2008-2010 (%)
Source: 'Transatlantic Trends: Immigration' (TTI) 2010, http://www.gmfus.org/trends/immigration/2010/.
[1] Council document 14615/04.
[2] COM(2005) 389 final.
[3] Summary report of the third meeting of the European Integration Forum, Brussels 24-25 June 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/ewsi/UDRW/images/items/static_38_303506505.pdf.
[4] Summary report of the fourth meeting of the European Integration Forum, Brussels 6-7 December 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/ewsi/UDRW/images/items/static_38_812142537.pdf.
[5] Summary report of the fifth meeting of the European Integration Forum, Brussels 23-24 May 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/ewsi/UDRW/images/items/static_38_992519171.pdf.
[6] Council Decision of 25 June 2007 establishing the European Fund for the Integration of third-country nationals for the period 2007-2013 as part of the General programme Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows (2007/435/EC).
[7] European Parliament and Council Decision of 23 May 2007 establishing the European Refugee Fund for the period 2008 to 2013 as part of the General programme ‘Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows’ (2007/573), OJ L 144/1.
[8] European Parliament and Council Decision of 23 May 2007 establishing the European Refugee Fund for the period 2008 to 2013 as part of the General programme ‘Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows’ (2007/573), OJ L 144/1.
[9] Information on the EIF Community Actions and awarded projects can be found on http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/funding/integration/funding_integration_en.htm, and more information on national EIF funding on http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/funding/integration/funding_integration_en.htm.
[10] See the Integrating Cities website, http://www.integratingcities.eu.
[11] See www.mipex.eu.
[12] OJ 2010/C 115/01.
[13] SEC(2010) 357.
[14] Council document 9248/10.
[15] COM(2011) 248 final.
[16] COM(2011) 291 final.
[17] COM(2008) 610 final.
[18] COM(2010) 213 final.
[19] Council document 10630/1/10 REV 1.
[20] Regulation (EU) No 439/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 establishing a European Asylum Support Office, OJ L 132/11.
[21] Common Basic Principle 2, Council document 14615/04.
[22] Common Basic Principle 6, Council document 14615/04.
[23] COM(2008) 420 final.
[24] The Commission is supported by a network of legal experts in anti-discrimination providing independent information and advice on relevant developments in the Member States, http://www.non-discrimination.net/.
[25] COM(2008) 426 final.
[26] COM(2010) 491 final.
[27] COM(2010) 133 final.
[28] COM(2011) 173 final.
[29] EU-MIDIS: http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/research/projects/proj_eumidis_en.htm.
[30] Common Basic Principle 3, Council document 14615/04.
[31] Employment in Europe 2008,
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=113&furtherNews=yes&langId=nl&newsId=415.
[32] Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey,
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/employment_unemployment_lfs/data/database.
[33] COM(2010) 682 final.
[34] COM(2008) 394 final.
[35] SEC(2009)1657 final.
[36] Excluding: the United Kingdom and Ireland, Denmark.
[37] Regulation (EC) No 1231/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council extending Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 to nationals of third countries who are not already covered by these Regulations solely on the ground of their nationality.
[38] Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2010, European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=750&langId=en.
[39] COM(2010) 758 final.
[40] Social Situation Observatory, Research Note 1/2010 "Detailed analysis of the relative position of migrants".
[41] COM(2010) 758 final.
[42] OJ 2010, L 132/1.
[43] The report of the project is available on http://urbact.eu/en/projects/active-inclusion/mile/our-outputs/.
[44] Investing in Europe's future: Fifth report on social, economic and territorial cohesion,
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion5/pdf/5cr_en.pdf.
[45] COM(2006) 571 final.
[46] Demography Report 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=6688&langId=en.
[47] Demography Report 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=6688&langId=en.
[48] OECD International Migration Outlook 2010,
http://www.oecd.org/document/41/0,3746,en_2649_33931_45591593_1_1_1_1,00.html in comparison with Eurostat online data code migr_pop3ctb (Statistics in Focus – issue number 45/2010), showing population by group of country of birth of Member States for which data are available. These data are based on national definitions that may be not fully comparable.
[49] COM(2009) 180 final
[50] COM(2010) 462 final
[51] OJ 2010, C311/1.
[52] COM(2010) 477 final.
[53] Decision No 1719/2006/EC establishing the Youth in Action programme for the period 2007-2013.
[54] Common Basic Principle 5, Council document 14615/04.
[55] 45.5% for third-country nationals and 26.4% for EU-nationals in 2009.
[56] SEC (2011) 526: Progress towards the common European objectives in education and training (2010/2011) – Indicators and benchmarks.
[57] PISA 2009 Results: Overcoming Social Background, Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes. Equity in learning opportunities and outcomes. Volume II, www.pisa.oecd.org.
[58] COM (2008) 423. For the sake of this Communication a broad concept of "migration" has been used. The terms "children from a migrant background", "children of migrants" and "migrant pupils" are used to refer to the children of all persons living in an EU country where they were not born, irrespective of whether they are third-country nationals, citizens of another EU Member State or subsequently became nationals of the host Member State.
[59] PISA 2009 Results: Overcoming Social Background, Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes.
[60] OJ 2009/C 119/02.
[61] COM(2011) 18 final.
[62] COM(2011) 19 final.
[63] COM(2011) 66 final.
[64] Council Conclusions on the education of children with migrant background (OJ C 301 – 31.12.2009).
[65] COM(2010) 296 final.
[66] Common Basic Principles 7 and 8, Council document 14615/04.
[67] COM (2010)390 final.
[68] 2010/C 325/01.
[69] COM(2011) 12 final.
[70] COM(2009) 567 final.
[71] Decision 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 1998 setting up a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the Community OJ L 268/1; 03.10.1998.
[72] See http://ec.europa.eu/eahc/projects/database.html.
[73] See http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Forms/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?ID=378.
[74] COM(2010) 245 final.
[75] See IPTS research projects and publications on ICT for Inclusion and cultural diversity: http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/EAP/eInclusion.html.
[76] See for instance trainings offered by Telecentres type establishments, e.g. http://www.interface3.be/.
[77] IPTS publications on migrants and ICT http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/search.cfm.
[78] Workshop conclusions around Intermediaries needs http://www.epractice.eu/en/blog/5298101.
[79] Statistical Work Programme of the Commission for 2011, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/pgp_insite/insite_docs/estat/AWP_detailedEN_revised_final.pdf.
[80] The Malta Declaration was adopted in October 2009 by the Directors Generals of National Statistical Institutes of the European Union (DGINS),
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/conferences/documents/95th_dgins_conference/malta_declaration.pdf.
[81] Council document 9248/10.
[82] Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers, Indicators of Immigrant Integration - A Pilot Study, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_product_code=KS-SF-11-030.
[83] OECD, 'Naturalisation: A Passport for the Better Integration of Immigrants?', http://www.oecd.org/document/0/0,3746,en_2649_37415_48125719_1_1_1_37415,00.html.
[84] 'Transatlantic Trends: Immigration' (TTI) 2010, http://www.gmfus.org/trends/immigration/2010/, among other studies, offer insights on European citizens’ perceptions, opinions and preferences with regard to integration of foreign immigrants. The TTI 2010 survey has been carried out in six EU countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom), Canada and the US. For Spain and Canada data are not available for 2008.