Annexes to SEC(2010)1204 - Accompanying document to the REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES - Main contents
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This page contains a limited version of this dossier in the EU Monitor.
| dossier | SEC(2010)1204 - Accompanying document to the REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL PROGRESS TOWARDS ... |
|---|---|
| document | SEC(2010)1204  |
| date | October 12, 2010 |
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (fYRoM) became a Party to UNFCCC in January 1998 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in November 2004. FYRoM is considered a developing country under the Convention and its Protocol. In January 2009 the fYRoM submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat its 2nd National Communication, including inventory of GHG emissions from 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2002 total GHG emissions decreased by around 10%. Currently CO2 emissions per capita are at level of 4.1 ton and GDP per capita amounts to 2300 € in 2005. Currently, there is no information on projections available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Figure 1: GHG total emissions and emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries
Note: no 2008 data available for fYRoM, 2002 data is the most recent
Source: EEA
Table 6: GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008–12
| 1990 | Base Year (1) | GHG emissions 2008 (3) | Change 2007-2008 | Change 2008 relative to base year | EU burden-sharing or Kyoto target | EU burden-sharing or Kyoto target | |
| in Mt CO2 | in Mt CO2 | in % | in % | in % | in Mt CO2 | ||
| Austria | 78,2 | 79,0 | 86,6 | -0,4% | 9,6% | -13,0% | 68,8 |
| Belgium | 143,4 | 145,7 | 133,3 | 2,3% | -8,6% | -7,5% | 134,8 |
| Bulgaria | 117,4 | 132,6 | 73,5 | -3,2% | -44,6% | -8,0% | 122,0 |
| Cyprus (4) | 5,3 | 5,3 | 10,2 | 3,7% | 93,9% | no target | no target |
| Czech Republic | 195,2 | 194,2 | 141,4 | -4,1% | -27,2% | -8,0% | 178,7 |
| Denmark | 68,9 | 69,3 | 63,8 | -4,5% | -7,9% | -21,0% | 54,8 |
| Estonia | 40,8 | 42,6 | 20,3 | -8,2% | -52,5% | -8,0% | 39,2 |
| Finland | 70,4 | 71,0 | 70,1 | -10,2% | -1,2% | 0,0% | 71,0 |
| France | 563,2 | 563,9 | 527,0 | -0,6% | -6,5% | 0,0% | 563,9 |
| Germany | 1231,8 | 1232,4 | 958,1 | 0,1% | -22,3% | -21,0% | 973,6 |
| Greece | 103,3 | 107,0 | 126,9 | -3,8% | 18,6% | 25,0% | 133,7 |
| Hungary | 97,4 | 115,4 | 73,1 | -3,4% | -36,6% | -6,0% | 108,5 |
| Ireland | 54,8 | 55,6 | 67,4 | -0,3% | 21,3% | 13,0% | 62,8 |
| Italy | 517,0 | 516,9 | 541,5 | -2,0% | 4,8% | -6,5% | 483,3 |
| Latvia | 26,8 | 25,9 | 11,9 | -3,1% | -54,1% | -8,0% | 23,8 |
| Lithuania | 49,7 | 49,4 | 24,3 | -4,5% | -50,8% | -8,0% | 45,5 |
| Luxembourg | 13,1 | 13,2 | 12,5 | -2,3% | -5,1% | -28,0% | 9,5 |
| Malta (4) | 2,0 | 2,0 | 3,0 | -1,8% | 44,2% | no target | no target |
| Netherlands | 212,0 | 213,0 | 206,9 | 0,0% | -2,9% | -6,0% | 200,3 |
| Poland | 453,3 | 563,4 | 395,6 | -1,1% | -29,8% | -6,0% | 529,6 |
| Portugal | 59,3 | 60,1 | 78,4 | -1,9% | 30,3% | 27,0% | 76,4 |
| Romania | 242,1 | 278,2 | 145,9 | -4,4% | -47,6% | -8,0% | 256,0 |
| Slovakia | 73,9 | 72,1 | 48,8 | 2,3% | -32,2% | -8,0% | 66,3 |
| Slovenia | 18,5 | 20,4 | 21,3 | 3,5% | 4,6% | -8,0% | 18,7 |
| Spain | 285,1 | 289,8 | 405,7 | -7,5% | 40,0% | 15,0% | 333,2 |
| Sweden | 72,4 | 72,2 | 64,0 | -3,3% | -11,3% | 4,0% | 75,0 |
| United Kingdom | 771,7 | 776,3 | 628,2 | -1,8% | -19,1% | -12,5% | 679,3 |
| EU-15 | 4244,7 | 4265,5 | 3970,5 | -1,9% | -6,9% | -8,0% | 3924,3 |
| EU-27 (2) | 5567,0 | 5767,1 | 4939,7 | -2,0% | -14,3% | no target | no target |
Notes:
(1) For EU-15 the base year for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is 1990; for the fluorinated gases 12 Member States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990. As the EU-15 inventory is the sum of Member States’ inventories, the EU-15 base year estimates for fluorinated gas emissions are the sum of 1995 emissions for 12 Member States and 1990 emissions for Austria, France and Italy. The EU-15 base year emissions also include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide for Bulgaria is 1988, for Hungary is the average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986, for Poland 1988, for Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Slovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year and Romania 1989 all other central and eastern European members states have selected 1995.
(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target.
(3) This data has not yet been reviewed by the UNFCCC.
(4 )Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.
Table 7: Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with emission projections
Notes:
(1) The approach to project GHG emissions for the Kyoto period between 2008 and 2012 in an up to date and consistent way is to stick as much as possible to reported emissions and use recent PRIMES and GAINS modelling results for the estimation of the trend development for all those countries, for which no up to date recent detailed national projections are available. The PRIMES-GAINS baseline scenario 2009 projects CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from 2005 to 2030 at EU27 and Member State level based on the PRIMES energy system model for CO2 emissions and the GAINS emissions model for non‑CO2 emissions, supported by the CAPRI agricultural model to estimate trends in agricultural activity.
The baseline 2009 reflects implemented policy measures at EU and national level as of spring 2009, notably the amended ETS directive, the regulation on CO2 emissions of new passenger cars, the implementing measures of the Eco-Design and Labelling Directives and national renewable policies. Achievement of national reduction targets for the sectors not covered by the ETS (Effort Sharing Decision) or national renewable energy targets is not assumed, but progress in the baseline depends on the extent to which legislation and other measures have been put in place by Member States and the EU to achieve these targets effectively. The scenario builds on macro projections of GDP and population which reflect the recent economic downturn, followed by sustained economic growth resuming after 2010. Consultations were organised with Member States during 2009 on inputs used and results15.
The estimate focuses on non-ETS sector emissions, given that the ETS sector is fully covered by the EU emissions trading system which complies with the Kyoto targets. The average non-ETS emissions between 2008 and 2012 are derived as follows:
- 2008: historical emissions (UNFCCC minus scope adjusted ETS)
- 2010 PRIMES emission trend 2005-10 applied to 2005 historical emissions and controlled for consistency with measured 2008 emissions
- 2009 proxy data estimates by Member States as far as usable, for other countries: average between 2010 and 2008 emissions
- 2011 and 2012 PRIMES emission trend 2010-15 applied to estimated 2010 emissions
(2) Projections from Denmark and Ireland were provided in sufficient detail to be included in this analysis. Both countries also reported an amount of unused allowances projected to remain in their new entrants reserve under the EU ETS by the end of the commitment period, which they intend to use for Kyoto compliance. These amounts (0.55 million AAUs per year for Denmark and 1 million AAUs per year for Ireland) were included in the total allowed emissions of non-ETS sectors. The use of Kyoto mechanisms by Denmark includes also further budgetary measures foreseen [document Aktstykke nr. 116, adopted by Danish Parliament's Finance Committee on 22/04/2010].
(3) No commitment under the Kyoto Protocol, therefore no base year and no emission target. 1990 emissions are used in the column "base year".
(4) "na" means "not applicable"
For further details on PRIMES-GAINS projections and its underlying methodology see COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT accompanying the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage {COM(2010) 265 final}. Background information and analysis, Part II. SEC(2010) 650, Brussels, 26.5.2010; Höglund-Isaksson, L., W. Winiwarter, F. Wagner, Z. Klimont and M. Amann: Potentials and costs for mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union until 2030. Update 2010, May 2010,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/climat_action/non_co2emissions_may2010.pdf; European Commission, DG Energy: EU energy trends to 2030 — UPDATE 2009, September 2010.
Table 8: Aggregate of GHG projections for the various scenarios
| Base year emissions | Projections of total emissions | Projections of total emissions with use of Kyoto mechanisms | Projections of total emissions with carbon sink removals and use of Kyoto mechanisms | ||||
| Annual average 2008–2012 | change from base year | Annual average 2008–2012 | change from base year | Annual average 2008–2012 | change from base year | ||
| Mt CO2 eq. | Mt CO2 eq. | % | Mt CO2 eq. | % | Mt CO2 eq. | % | |
| EU-15 | 4.265,5 | 3.821,0 | -10,4% | 3.704,3 | -13,2% | 3.661,8 | -14,2% |
| EU-27 | 5.767,1 | 4.769,9 | -17,3% | 4.698,6 | -18,5% | 4.649,6 | -19,4% |
| EU-27 (1990) | 5.567,0 | 4.769,9 | -14,3% | 4.698,6 | -15,6% | 4.649,6 | -16,5% |
Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures
Cross-cutting measures
| Policies and measures | Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Stage of implementation /timetable /comments |
| ‘Cross-cutting’ | |||
| EU Emission Trading Scheme | N/a | N/a | In force. First phase (2005-07)Second phase (2008-12)Third phase (2013-20) |
| Revision of the monitoring mechanism | N/a | N/a | In force |
| Link Kyoto flexible mechanisms to emissions trading | N/a | N/a | In force |
Energy Supply
Energy demand
Transport
Industry & non CO2 gases
Waste
Integration Research & Development
| Policies and measures | Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Stage of implementation /timetable /comments |
| R&D framework Program | N/a | In force. Under the 7th Framework program (FP7), which runs from 2007 to 2013, a budget of 50.5 billion euros will be allocated over the entire period. Over 2.3 billion to energy related R&D activities. | |
| Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) | CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with a total budget of 3.6 billion euros. The CIP is divided in three operational programmes two of which are related to energy and climate change. |
Integration Cohesion Policy
| Policies and measures | Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Stage of implementation /timetable /comments |
| Integration climate change in structural funds &cohesion funds | N/a | N/a | The Community Strategic Guidelines highlight investments to promote Kyoto commitments, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable transport systems as eligible areas for support. About € 48 billion are planned to co-finance projects on climate change in the 2007-2013 Cohesion Policy. |
Agriculture
Forests
| Policies and measures | Sequestration potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Sequestration potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) | Stage of implementation /timetable /comments |
| ‘Forests’ | |||
| EU Forest Action Plan | N/a | N/a | Adopted. The Forest Action Plan presented in June 2006 builds on the EU’s Forestry Strategy adopted in 1998. |
| Afforestation and reforestation: | 1416 | Possibility for support through forestry scheme of rural development | |
| - Afforestation programmes | |||
| - Natural forest expansion | |||
| Forest management (various measures) | 19 16 | Possibility for support through forestry scheme of rural development, dependent on national implementation. |
Table 10: Key figures of the emissions trading scheme for 2005-2007, 2008 and 2009 for EU-27
| Number of installations (a) | Allocated allowances | Verified emissions | Difference between allocated allowances and verified emissions | |||||||||
| 1 000 EUA (c) | kt CO2-eq. | % | ||||||||||
| 2005–2007 (b) | 2008 | 2009 | 2005–2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2005–2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2005–2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |
| 1. Combustion installations | 6.938 | 7.169 | 7.287 | 1.470.961 | 1.255.124 | 1.259.971 | 1.491.238 | 1.496.407 | 1.362.193 | 1,4% | 19,2% | 8,1% |
| 2. Mineral oil refineries | 150 | 150 | 150 | 160.772 | 151.441 | 151.740 | 151.676 | 153.335 | 144.309 | -5,7% | 1,3% | -4,9% |
| 3. Coke ovens | 20 | 21 | 22 | 22.789 | 22.531 | 22.409 | 20.857 | 20.989 | 15.757 | -8,5% | -6,8% | -29,7% |
| 4. Metal ore roasting or sintering | 20 | 28 | 28 | 25.248 | 21.928 | 21.995 | 17.209 | 17.643 | 11.033 | -31,8% | -19,5% | -49,8% |
| 5. Pig iron or steel | 229 | 237 | 238 | 155.631 | 184.733 | 184.950 | 131.478 | 133.276 | 95.423 | -15,5% | -27,9% | -48,4% |
| 6. Cement clinker or lime | 532 | 555 | 559 | 193.715 | 209.613 | 212.080 | 186.884 | 189.029 | 150.111 | -3,5% | -9,8% | -29,2% |
| 7. Glass including glass fibre | 412 | 438 | 441 | 22.495 | 25.152 | 25.533 | 20.497 | 22.704 | 19.361 | -8,9% | -9,7% | -24,2% |
| 8. Ceramic products by firing | 1.140 | 1.079 | 1.085 | 18.118 | 18.609 | 19.094 | 14.821 | 13.362 | 8.990 | -18,2% | -28,2% | -52,9% |
| 9. Pulp, paper and board | 798 | 813 | 812 | 37.138 | 37.919 | 38.382 | 29.769 | 31.177 | 27.506 | -19,8% | -17,8% | -28,3% |
| 99. Other activity opted-in | 320 | 398 | 410 | 245 | 22.458 | 23.257 | 7.043 | 22.321 | 19.397 | 2777,4% | -0,6% | -16,6% |
| All EU installations | 10.559 | 10.888 | 11.032 | 2.107.111 | 1.949.510 | 1.959.411 | 2.071.472 | 2.100.241 | 1.854.080 | -1,7% | 7,7% | -5,4% |
Notes:
(a) All installations which have participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already closed.
(b) For this analysis installations have been included if allocated allowances or verified emissions have been published for each year. With this attribute the average values are not the same as in last year's report, where averages have been calculated in a different way.
(c) European Union Allowance.
Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2010)
Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs
| Member State | Average 2005-2007 verified emissions | Share of EU ETS in total GHG emissions in 2007 | 2008 verified emissions | Share of EU ETS in total GHG emissions in 2008 | 2009 verified emissions | 2008-2012 EU ETS cap (a) | CDM / JI limit for EU ETS operators |
| Mt CO2-eq. per year | % | Mt CO2-eq. per year | % | Mt CO2-eq. per year | Mt CO2-eq. per year | % | |
| Austria | 32,5 | 37% | 32,0 | 37% | 27,3 | 30,7 | 10,00% |
| Belgium | 54,3 | 41% | 55,5 | 42% | 46,2 | 58,5 | 8,4% |
| Bulgaria | 39,2 (b) | 52% | 38,3 | 52% | 32,0 | 38,1 | 12,5% |
| Cyprus | 5,2 | 55% | 5,6 | 55% | 0,1 | 5,2 | 10,0% |
| Czech Republic | 84,6 | 60% | 80,4 | 57% | 73,8 | 86,7 | 10,0% |
| Denmark | 30,0 | 44% | 26,5 | 42% | 25,5 | 24,0 | 17,0% |
| Estonia | 13,4 | 70% | 13,5 | 67% | 10,3 | 11,8 | 0,0% |
| Finland | 40,1 | 54% | 36,2 | 52% | 34,3 | 37,6 | 10,0% |
| France | 128,3 | 24% | 124,1 | 24% | 111,1 | 132,0 | 13,5% |
| Germany | 480,1 | 51% | 472,7 | 49% | 428,2 | 451,5 | 22,0% |
| Greece | 71,3 | 55% | 69,9 | 55% | 63,7 | 68,3 | 9,0% |
| Hungary | 26,3 | 35% | 27,2 | 37% | 22,4 | 26,7 | 10,0% |
| Ireland | 21,8 | 31% | 20,4 | 30% | 17,2 | 21,3 | 10,0% |
| Italy | 226,6 | 41% | 220,7 | 41% | 184,9 | 201,6 | 15,0% |
| Latvia | 2,9 | 23% | 2,7 | 23% | 2,5 | 3,4 | 10,0% |
| Lithuania | 6,4 | 24% | 6,1 | 25% | 5,8 | 8,6 | 20,0% |
| Luxembourg | 2,6 | 20% | 2,1 | 17% | 2,2 | 2,5 | 10,0% |
| Malta | 2,0 | 67% | 2,0 | 68% | 1,9 | 2,1 | 10,0% |
| Netherlands | 79,0 | 39% | 83,5 | 40% | 81,1 | 87,5 | 10,0% |
| Poland | 207,5 | 52% | 204,1 | 52% | 191,0 | 205,7 | 10,0% |
| Portugal | 33,6 | 39% | 29,9 | 38% | 28,3 | 34,8 | 10,0% |
| Romania | 69,6 (b) | 46% | 64,1 | 44% | 48,6 | 74,1 | 10,0% |
| Slovak Republic | 25,1 | 51% | 25,3 | 52% | 21,6 | 32,5 | 7,0% |
| Slovenia | 8,9 | 44% | 8,9 | 42% | 8,1 | 8,3 | 15,8% |
| Spain | 183,3 | 43% | 163,5 | 40% | 136,9 | 152,2 | 20,6% |
| Sweden | 19,4 | 29% | 20,1 | 31% | 17,5 | 22,5 | 10,0% |
| United Kingdom | 250,1 | 40% | 265,1 | 42% | 231,9 | 245,6 | 8,0% |
| EU-27 | 2.071,5 (c) | 43% | 2.100,2 | 43% | 1.854,1 | 2.073,8 |
Notes:
(a) Data on the EU-ETS cap may differ from final values yet to be determined by the European Commission due to the fact that issues such as the treatment of the new entrant reserves are still pending. For Denmark and Ireland, the ETS cap is reduced by the expected leftover units in the new entrants' reserve at the end of the trading period which will not be distributed to operators but used for Kyoto compliance.
(b) Verified emissions for 2007only as BG and RO did not participate in the EU ETS in 2005 and 2006.
(c) The total EU-27 figure was calculated on the basis of actual emissions as reported in the CITL and divided by the number of 3 years, 2007 emissions for BG and RO were also divided by 3.
Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2010), EEA GHG data viewer (12 July 2010), National Allocation Plans, NAP table decisions
Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms
| Member State | Planned use of Kyoto mechanisms | Type of Kyoto mechanisms (ET, CDM, JI) | Achievement of Kyoto target planned through domestic action only | Implemented use of credits at government level (c) | Projected emission reduction 2008-12 through the use of Kyoto mechanisms | Budget |
| [Mt CO2 eq. per year] | [Mt CO2 eq. per year] | [Mio € for 2008-2012] | ||||
| Austria | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,6 | 9,0 | 531 |
| Belgium | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 1,0 | 4,3 | 263 |
| Bulgaria | No | - | Yes | 0,0 | - | - |
| Cyprus (a) | No | - | na | na | - | - |
| Czech Republic | No | - | Yes | -27,2 | -25,0 | - |
| Denmark | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,5 | 3,9 | 217 |
| Estonia | No | - | Yes | -0,1 | 0,0 | - |
| Finland | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,2 | 1,4 | 70 |
| France | No | - | Yes | 0,1 | - | - |
| Germany | No | - | Yes | 1,1 | - | - |
| Greece | No | - | Yes | 0,0 | - | - |
| Hungary | No | - | Yes | -3,4 | -4,0 | - |
| Ireland | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 2,7 | 1,7 | 290 |
| Italy | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,7 | 17,1 | 79 |
| Latvia | No | - | Yes | -18,2 | -8,0 | - |
| Lithuania | No | - | Yes | 0,0 | 0,0 | - |
| Luxembourg | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,4 | 3,8 | 360 |
| Malta (a) | No | - | na | na | - | - |
| Netherlands | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 7,7 | 13,0 | 507 |
| Poland | No | - | Yes | 0,0 | - | - |
| Portugal | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,2 | 4,8 | 305 |
| Romania | No | - | Yes | 0,4 | - | - |
| Slovakia | No | - | Yes | -7,4 | -9,4 | - |
| Slovenia | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 0,0 | 1,0 | 80 |
| Spain | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 10,9 | 57,8 | 638 |
| Sweden (b) | No | (JI, CDM) | Yes | -0,4 | (2) | 41 |
| United Kingdom | No | - | Yes | 2,2 | - | - |
| EU-15 | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | No | 28,0 | 116,7 | 3.301 |
| EU-27 | Yes | IET, JI, CDM | n.a. | -27,9 | 71,3 | 3.381 |
Notes:
(a) Cyprus and Malta are non-Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and do not have an emissions target for the period 2008-2012.
(b ) Sweden has planned to purchase 2 million AAU per year, but does intend to use them to achieve its commitment under the Kyoto Protocol.
(c) Credits delivered to/sold from party holding account, 2008-2009 average.
"na" means "not applicable"
Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism, SEF tables (26 Mai 2010) and the EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2010)
Table 13: Projected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first commitment period
| Article 3.3 | Article 3.4 | Total | |||
| Net carbon stock change during 2008–12 | Election of activities(a) | Net carbon stock change during 2008–12 | Maximum allowance for forest management | ||
| [million tonnes CO2 per year] | [million tonnes CO2 per year] | [million tonnes CO2 per year] | [million tonnes CO2 per year] | ||
| Austria | -0.7 | None | Not applicable | Not applicable | -0,70 |
| Belgium | No estimate available | None | Not applicable | Not applicable | No estimate available |
| Bulgaria | Not reported | None | Not applicable | Not applicable | No estimate available |
| Cyprus | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Czech Republic | Probably small sink | FM | Likely larger than max. allowance | -1,17 | -1,17 |
| Denmark | -0,13 | FM, CM, GM | FM: 0.42 CM+GM: - 1.7 | -0,18 | -1,65 |
| Estonia | No estimate available | None | No estimates available | NA | No estimate available |
| Finland | + 1.9 to + 2.4 | FM | - 2.5 to - 3.0 | -0,59 | -0,59 |
| France | -1,24 | FM | -83,97 | -3,23 | -4,47 |
| Germany | No estimate available | FM | -7,30 | -4,55 | -4,55 |
| Greece | -0,88 | FM | - 2 to - 4 | -0,33 | -1,21 |
| Hungary | Probably net sink | FM | -4,24 | -1,06 | -1,06 |
| Ireland | -2,72 | None | Not applicable | NA | -2,72 |
| Italy | No estimate available | FM | -10,20 | -10,19 | -10,19 |
| Latvia | Net sink | FM | No estimates available | -1,25 | No estimate available |
| Lithuania | Probably net sink | FM | No estimates available | -1,03 | No estimate available |
| Luxembourg | 0,00 | None | Not applicable | Not applicable | No estimate available |
| Malta | Not applicable | NA | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Netherlands | -0,11 | None | Not applicable | Not applicable | -0,11 |
| Poland | Net sink | FM | Likely larger than max. allowance | -3,01 | -3,01 |
| Portugal | -3,36 | FM, CM, GM | FM: - 0.8 CM+GM: - 0.5 | -0,81 | -4,66 |
| Romania | Not reported | FM, Revegetation | Not reported | -4,03 | No estimate available |
| Slovakia | Net sink | None | Not applicable | Not applicable | No estimate available |
| Slovenia | No estimate available | FM | -1,32 | -1,32 | -1,32 |
| Spain | -3,00 | FM, CM | -2,46 | -2,46 | -5,46 |
| Sweden | 0,60 | FM | -15,00 | -2,13 | -2,13 |
| United Kingdom | -2,68 | FM | -1,69 | -1,36 | -4,04 |
| EU-15 | -12,05 | FM, CM, GM | -27,66 | -42,45 | |
| EU-27 | -12,05 | Not applicable | -34,22 | Not applicable | -49,01 |
Notes:
Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negative sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+' for emissions; n.a.: not applicable; n.e.: not estimated.
(a) FM: forest management; CM: cropland management; GM: grazing land management.
(b) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maximum allowance Parties may account for removals from forest management to compensate net emissions under Art. 3.3. In Finland and Sweden, removals from forest management are projected to exceed the sum of emissions under Art. 3.3. and the maximum allowance for forest management.
(c) The sum for EU-15 and EU-27 includes emissions and removals from Article 3.4 actvities as indicated by Member States with application of the cap for Forest Management.
Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism; The European Community's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol (EEA Technical report No 10/2006); Initial reports under the Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; Decisions 16/CMP.1 and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita of EU-27 Member States for 1990 and 2008
Source: EEA
Technical notes
1. In the Council decision (2002/358/EC) on the approval by the EU of the Kyoto Protocol the various commitments of the Member States are expressed as percentage changes from the base-year. In 2006 the respective emission levels were expressed in terms of tonnes of CO2-equivalent in the Commission Decision 2006/944/EC. In connection with Council decision 2002/358/EC, the Council of Environment Ministers and the Commission have, in a joint statement, noted “that the respective emission levels referred to in the decision shall be expressed in terms of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, …, taking into account the assumptions relating to base year emissions as also reflected in the relevant statements to the Council minutes to the Council Conclusions of 16-17 June 1998. …”. Following the UNFCCC reviews of Member States' ‘initial reports’ during 2007 and 2008 and pursuant to Article 3, paragraphs 7 and 8 of the Kyoto Protocol, the base-year emissions for the EU-15 have been fixed to 4 265.5 million tonnes CO2 equivalents.
2. The Annual European Community greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2008 and inventory report 2010 (EEA, Technical report No 6/2010). Under the EU monitoring mechanism decision (Decision 280/2004), all MS submitted all or almost all Common Reporting Format (CRF) tables, (i.e., more than 90 %) for 1990–2008.
3. Based on PRIMES/GAINS and national projections for Denmark and Ireland. The use of unused allowances from the new entrant reserve under the EU ETS was not taken into account in the analysis.
4. Cyprus and Malta do not have targets under the Kyoto Protocol
5. For further information see the EEA website: http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/recession-accelerates-the-decline-in
6. The six corresponding legislative acts were published in the Official Journal of the European Union in June 2009(5.06.2009 L 40), and are already in force.
Directive 2009/29/EC expands, strengthens and improves the functioning of the EU ETS post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year to reach -21% in 2020 (comparing to 2005 levels). The auctioning system of allowances will be increased and ambitious ex-ante benchmark for free allocation will be introduced. Industrial installations not subject to carbon leakage will be required to buy 20% of allowances in 2013 rising to 70% in 2020 and 100% in 2027, while those identified to be exposed to the risk of carbon leakage will receive 100% of the quantity determined by benchmarks for free. Use of offset credits from outside of the EU is allowed but this amount remains below half of the reduction effort in order to ensure a sufficient level of emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Decision 406/2009/EC sets national commitments to reduce GHG emissions which are outside the scope of the EU ETS (small-scale emitters: transport, buildings, agriculture, waste), which represent some 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU. The decision sets legally binding annual targets in the period 2013-2020 for each MS ensuring that by 2020 emissions from these sectors will be reduced at EU level by 10% comparing to 2005 levels. The efforts (targets ranging from -20% to +20%) are shared between MS according to differences in GDP per capita. Less wealthy Member States will be allowed to increase their emissions in non-ETS sectors by up to 20% above 2005 levels. These targets do, however, still represent a cap on their emissions and will still require a reduction effort compared to business as usual. By contrast, the wealthier Member States, with GDP/capita above the EU average, will have to reduce emissions, up to a maximum figure of -20% below 2005. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of renewable energy sets legally binding targets for each Member State in order to reach the EU target of 20% share of renewable energy in the EU’s final energy consumption and 10% in transport by 2020. Also a 10% share of renewable energy sources in transport by 2020 target was adopted. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Directive 2009/31/EC on geological storage of CO2 provides a legal framework to manage possible environmental risks and liability issues and includes a long-term incentive for investment in demonstration projects to capture and geologically store CO2. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 sets standards for CO2 emissions from new passenger cars, which will ensure that emissions from the new car fleet are reduced to an average of 130g CO2/km by 2015. A stringent long-term target of 95g CO2/km by 2020 was also set. Estimate of total GHG emission savings per year amounts to 50 Mt CO2 eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Fuel quality directive 2009/30/EC puts an obligation on suppliers to reduce greenhouse gas emission from entire fuel production chain by 6% by 2020. A review in 2012 will consider increasing the target to 10% by 2020. Estimate of total GHG emission savings per year amounts to 62.5 Mt CO2-eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Directive 2008/101/EC included aviation into EU ETS. It is estimated that a total of 183 million tonnes of CO2 will be saved per year on the flights covered by the scheme equal to a 46% reduction by 2020 compared with business as usual. From 1 January 2012 flights between EU airports and all flights arriving or departing form the airports in the EU will be covered by the system. (OJ 13.01.2009 L 8)
7. Commission Decision of 24 December 2009 determining, pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, a list of sectors and subsectors which are deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage (OJ 5.1.2010)
8. Commission Decision of 9 July 2010 on the Community-wide quantity of allowances to be issued under the EU Emission Trading Scheme for 2013 (2010/384/EU) (OJ 10.7.2010 L175)
9. Commission Decision of 8 June 2010 amending Decision 2007/589/EC as regards the inclusion of monitoring and reporting guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions from the capture, transport and geological storage of carbon dioxide (2010/345/EU) (OJ 22.6.2010)
10. Commission Regulation (EU) No 82/2010 of 28 January 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 748/2009 on the list of aircraft operators which performed an aviation activity listed in Annex I to Directive 2003/87/EC on or after 1 January 2006 specifying the administering Member State for each aircraft operator (OJ 29.1.2010 L25)
11. Commission Regulation (EU) No 606/2010 of 9 July 2010 on the approval of a simplified tool developed by the European organisation for air safety navigation (Eurocontrol) to estimate the fuel consumption of certain small emitting aircraft operators (OJ 10.7.2010 L175)
12. CITL, 12 July 2010
13. The revised directive on EU ETS allows existing operators (from 2013) to use JI and CDM credits in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-wide reductions below the 2005 levels over the period 2008-2020 and for new sectors and aviation 50% of the reductions below the 2005 levels over the period from the date of their inclusion in the EU ETS to 2020. This amounts to an overall JI/CDM limit of roughly 6.5% of the EU-wide cap over the period 2008-2020.The exact limits for each installation will still need to be determined but the Directive already grants to existing operators an access to credits of at least of 11% of their allocation during the period 2008-2012. In addition, new entrants and new sectors including aviation receive minimum levels of access to JI and CDM credits.
14. Base year level of GHG emissions for Croatia has not been decided yet and the case under the Executive Branch of the Compliance Committee is ongoing
15. For further details see the COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT SEC(2010) 650 of 26.5.2010 accompanying the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage{COM(2010) 265 final}. Background information and analysis, Part II (in particular section 3.2 and Annex 10.4); http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/26-05-2010working_doc2.pdf
16. Second ECCP progress report April 2003 http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf
17. Directive on the promotion of energy from renewable sources, Citizens' Summary, 23 January 2008
18. The original figure refers to a cumulative estimate of 7 MtCO2eq by 2020.
19. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market
20. COM (2005) 628 final “Biomass Action Plan, December 2005”
21. Decision No 1229/2003/EC, Regulation (EC) No 807/2004, Directive 2003/54/EC & 2003/55/EC, Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003
22. COM (2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004
23. Energy performance of buildings – impact assessment on the revised directive SEC(2008) 2864
24. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on End-Use Energy Efficiency and Energy Services, COM(2003) 739 final
25. COM(2006)545 – final “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential”
26. Questions and answers on the EU strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars, MEMO/07/46.
27. Questions and answers on the EU strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars, MEMO/07/46.
28. Inclusion of Aviation in the EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), Summary of the Impact Assessment, SEC(2006) 1685
29. Directive on the promotion of clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles, 2005/0283 (COD)
30. Regulation proposal on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases, COM (2003) 492 final; estimated emissions reductions are due to both the implementation of F-gases Regulation (842/2006) and the MAC Directive (2006/40/EC- for air conditioning systems in motor vehicles)
31. Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention, COM (2005) 666 and 667 (final)
32. Value in 2011 - Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), (recast) Impact Assessment, {COM(2008) 810}, {SEC(2008) 2933}
33. From ECCP working group on agriculture and sub-group on carbon sinks related to agricultural soils. Some of potential for bioenergy crops will be covered within potential from biofuels, cogeneration from biomass, further promotion of RES-H etc.
34. EEA, 2008, GHG Trends and Projections in Europe http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2008_5/TPReport2008Annexes.pdf
35. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, COM(2006)231
36. Civil domestic passenger and freight traffic that departs and arrives in the same country
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