Annexes to COM(2022)716 - Thriving civic space for upholding fundamental rights in the EU 2022 Annual Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights - Main contents

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dossier	COM(2022)716 - Thriving civic space for upholding fundamental rights in the EU 2022 Annual Report on the Application of the EU Charter of ...
document	COM(2022)716
date	December 6, 2022

agreements ²²⁸ . The Commission created the Expert Group on the views of migrants in the field of migration, asylum and integration, composed of civil society representatives with relevant expertise, to provide advice on migration policies.

The EU LGBTIQ Equality Strategy ²²⁹ establishes an ongoing consultation with CSOs on its implementation. This Strategy also involves CSOs in many of its actions, including in the dialogue with Member States. The EU Roma strategic framework ²³⁰ for equality, inclusion and participation puts a high emphasis on participation, especially that of the Roma civil society, in all stages of policy making process.

Implementation of EU funds

Under the Common Provisions Regulation (CPR) ²³¹ CSOs and rights defenders can be entrusted with tasks. Under that legislation, Member States have to put in place effective mechanisms to ensure that EU funded programmes ²³² are conceived and implemented in compliance with the relevant provisions of the Charter. This is part of the horizontal enabling condition on the effective application and implementation of the Charter (the ‘horizontal enabling condition’) ²³³ . It also provides for a ‘partnership’ with a number of regional, local and civil society bodies, such as fundamental rights bodies. The Member State shall involve these bodies throughout the preparation, implementation, and evaluation of programmes, including through participation in a committee in charge of monitoring the implementation of funding programmes where a balanced representation of the partners concerned shall be ensured.

Member States are increasingly making arrangements to involve CSOs in implementing the horizontal enabling condition ²³⁴ . They must, where relevant, allocate appropriate resources from the funds to the administrative capacity building of social partners and CSOs ²³⁵ .

For example, in Denmark, CSOs and NHRIs were included in bilateral and public consultations organised by the managing authority of the CPR programmes. They also participate in monitoring the implementation of all programmes ²³⁶ . In Romania, the managing authorities of each programme have set up monitoring committees that include CSOs for all programmes ²³⁷ . In Czechia, CSOs are included among the bodies that prepare, implement, and monitor the CPR funds. This enables them to influence the content of programmes and calls for funding and participate in the evaluation and monitoring, including the compliance of operations with the Charter ²³⁸ .

Improved structural dialogues

In addition to consultations, the Commission has created several tailored dialogue mechanisms to enable stakeholders, including CSOs and rights defenders, to regularly contribute to policymaking and implementation in specific fields. Structural civil society dialogue takes place, for instance, through forums and platforms, which cover broad policy areas such as the Permanent Anti-racism Civil Society Forum, the Disability Platform ²³⁹ , the European Migration Forum ²⁴⁰ , and the EU Health Policy Platform. The EU Network for Children’s Rights has been set up to support implementing, monitoring and evaluating the EU’s strategy on the rights of the child. The Victims’ Rights Platform was launched in 2020 to facilitate dialogue and the exchange of best practices and information among its members, two thirds of which are from civil society ²⁴¹ .

Dialogues on more specific matters have also been established by the EU, for example the LGBTIQ Equality Civil Society Forum, the European Platform for Roma Inclusion and the Roma Civil Monitoring 2025 ²⁴² , the Civil Society Forum on Drugs ²⁴³ and the EU Civil Society Platform against Trafficking in Human Beings. The Civil Society Forum on Combating Antisemitism brings together representatives from the Commission and Jewish communities, civil society and other stakeholders to create links and maximise the effect of joint action. As signatories of the Code of Practice on Disinformation and as members of the Code’s permanent task force, CSOs provide expert advice on better understanding emerging disinformation narratives or developing key deliverables, such as indicators for measuring the impact of the Code on disinformation in the EU ²⁴⁴ .

Civil society is also a key partner of the EU in promoting a stronger rule of law culture. When preparing the annual rule of law reports, the Commission holds meetings with stakeholders, such as European networks, national and European CSOs, and professional organisations ²⁴⁵ . CSOs and rights defenders also provide written contributions to the reports. This is essential for having an informed assessment of the areas covered by the reports, namely justice systems, anti-corruption systems, media pluralism and media freedom, and other institutional checks and balances.

A regular civil society dialogue ²⁴⁶ and domestic advisory groups ²⁴⁷ also take place on EU trade issues, and civil dialogue groups help the Commission maintain a regular dialogue on all common agricultural policy issues ²⁴⁸ . The Commission also maintains a structured civil dialogue with CSOs active in the fields of disability, social exclusion and poverty ²⁴⁹ and the cultural and creative sectors ²⁵⁰ .

A significant opportunity to exchange with civil society and human rights defenders in the EU’s external action is the annual EU-NGO Human Rights Forum co-organised by the European External Action Service, the Commission and the civil society umbrella ‘Human Rights and Democracy Network (HRDN)’. This event brings together hundreds of CSOs, human rights defenders, and representatives from the UN and EU institutions to discuss the most pressing human rights issues ²⁵¹ .

The EU’s main platform for structural dialogue between the EU and CSOs networks on development issues, including on issues of an enabling environment for civil society in EU partner countries is the Policy Forum on Development (PFD).

At EU partner country level, support for civil society is framed by 110 CSO Country Roadmaps; EU and Member States strategies for engagement with civil society, reflecting the core priorities of the EU, including a heightened focus on support for an enabling environment for civil society. The new generation of Roadmaps additionally focus on the inclusion of civil society, including women’s, youth and local organization, in policy dialogue at country level.

6.Conclusion

Civil society is an essential part of our democracies and instrumental for putting into practice the fundamental values on which the EU is founded. CSOs and rights defenders are invaluable partners in making fundamental rights a reality in people’s lives. They have continuously shown great strength and tremendous resilience in very challenging circumstances, especially during recent crises.

A sustained and joint effort is therefore needed by Member States and the EU to ensure that CSOs and rights defenders can operate in an enabling environment as key partners for protecting our democracies, including from foreign autocrats targeting our own countries ²⁵² .

This report shows that Member States and the EU are, to varying degrees, taking measures to protect, support and empower civil society actors. It also shows the range of opportunities that CSOs and rights defenders have, as valuable partners of the decision-makers, for making their views known on legislation and policymaking. At the same time, many challenges persist.

As highlighted by CSOs ²⁵³ , the European Parliament ²⁵⁴ , and the Conference on the Future of Europe ²⁵⁵ , there is a need to step up the work towards an enabling and empowering civic space through concrete and targeted measures tailored to the specific characteristics of CSOs and rights defenders. The challenges that CSOs and rights defenders are facing, and the responses needed, may differ depending on the national situation and topic. However, the EU’s common objective should remain the same: to protect, support and empower CSOs and rights defenders.

The Commission welcomes the strong engagement and contributions from civil society actors, the European Parliament, the Council and Member States, as well as the European Economic and Social Committee and the Fundamental Rights Agency in preparing this report. This provides a good foundation for further work together on the topic.

The Commission encourages other EU institutions, Member States and stakeholders to use this report to discuss its findings and develop a dialogue on civic space in the EU. In particular, the Commission encourages the European Parliament and the Council to have a dedicated discussion on the findings of the report. To support this debate, the Commission will launch a targeted dialogue with stakeholders through a series of thematic seminars on safeguarding civic space, focusing on how the EU can further develop its role to protect, support and empower CSOs and rights defenders to address the challenges and opportunities identified in this report. These seminars could examine themes such as protecting the digital civic space, how to better target EU and national funding to support CSOs and rights defenders, and ways to empower the civic space to bolster our democratic resilience. The outcome of this debate will be presented and discussed in a European high-level roundtable meeting in 2023.

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Article 6 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU).

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Article 51(1) of the Charter.

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When Member States adopt laws in an area where the EU has no competence and when no EU law exists, they are not implementing EU law and the Charter is not applicable to them. However, many fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter are also set out in national constitutions and case law, as well as in the European Convention on Human Rights to which all Member States are signatories.

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COM(2020) 711 final. The Charter strategy focuses on action under four strands: 1) ensuring Member States effectively apply the Charter; 2) empowering civil society organisations, rights defenders and justice practitioners; 3) fostering the use of the Charter to guide EU institutions; and 4) strengthening people’s awareness of their rights under the Charter.

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For the first thematic report, see Protecting Fundamental Rights in the Digital Age – 2021 Annual Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights; COM(2021) 819 final.

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/justice-and-consumers/justice-and-consumers-funding-tenders/funding-programmes/citizens-equality-rights-and-values-programme_en

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/find-funding/eu-funding-programmes/justice-programme_en

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Under the call for proposals for action grants to support transnational projects on judicial training covering civil law, criminal law or fundamental rights , the Commission made available around EUR 5 million to support projects on training on civil law, criminal law, and fundamental rights, as enshrined in the Charter, including data protection.

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COM(2022) 518 final.

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https://e-justice.europa.eu/european-training-platform/home_en

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https://e-justice.europa.eu/37134/EN/member_states_best_practices_on_the_charter

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https://e-justice.europa.eu/459/EN/fundamental_rights_interactive_tool

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This covers a large spectrum of information on the Charter, including case law by national courts that refers to the Charter. The agency made this tool also available in a revamped Charter-app. The agency’s tools are available here: https://fra.europa.eu/en/eu-charter/fra-charter-resources

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#RightHereRightNow (europa.eu) . The campaign ran from December 2021 to December 2022 on social media and through media events. Key partners included CSOs, NHRIs and equality bodies, the FRA and other EU bodies and agencies.

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https://e-justice.europa.eu/512/EN/your_rights

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/your-rights-eu/eu-charter-fundamental-rights_en

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For the purpose of this report, civil society organisations are defined as non-governmental organisations and institutions of civil society, active in the field of fundamental rights, which are voluntary self-governing bodies or organisations established to pursue the essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members. See Article 10 of Council Regulation (EC) No 168/2007 establishing a European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights and the Council of Europe Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)14 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organisations in Europe . See also UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders , under which the concept of ‘human rights defenders’ is not limited to human rights CSOs, but may also include individuals and other groups. Under EU law ‘human rights defenders’ are defined as “individuals, groups and organs of society that promote and protect universally recognised human rights and fundamental freedoms” European Union guidelines on human rights defenders (2008), p. 2.

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For the purpose of this report, ‘rights defenders’ are understood as covering, beyond CSOs, NHRIs, equality bodies and ombuds institutions. They do not include other independent bodies, such as Data Protection Authorities, nor political parties or trade unions.

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As also acknowledged in Council conclusions on strengthening the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the European Union of 5 March 2021, pp. 3, 11.

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See European Partnership for Democracy, Repression and Resilience: Diagnosing closing space mid-pandemic (2021), p. 9. See also FRA, Europe’s civil society: still under pressure – 2022 update (2022) and UN Guidance Note, Protection and Promotion of Civic Space (2020). While certain measures directly target CSOs with a view to jeopardise their activities, this is not necessarily always the case and can be an unwelcome negative consequence of measures with a legitimate purpose, notably when implementation is not proportionate.

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See European Economic and Social Committee, The response of civil society organisations to face the Covid-19 pandemic and the consequent restrictive measures adopted in Europe (2021).

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https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/news/civil-society-organisations-helm-volunteer-assistance-ukrainian-civilians

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 12.

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See European Civic Forum, Towards vibrant European civic and democratic space (2022), p. 11. Nearly half of the new measures taken in Member States to support and protect victims of intimate partner violence and their children during the lockdowns were implemented by CSOs, see European Institute for Gender Equality The Covid-19 pandemic and intimate partner violence against women in the EU (2021), p. 18. In Poland, 15.8% of CSOs carried out additional activities to better assist their beneficiaries during the pandemic, and in Portugal, CSOs and rights defenders disseminated information on vaccinations to difficult-to-reach communities. This resulted in 600 000 foreign citizens being vaccinated, regardless of their migration status. See FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 4.

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See the Joint Communication, Tackling COVID-19 disinformation - Getting the facts right , JOIN(2020) 8 final.

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For an overview of the different types of civil society support provided during Russia’s war against Ukraine, see FRA, Europe’s civil society: still under pressure – 2022 update (2022), pp. 45-50.

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https://missingchildreneurope.eu/ukraine/

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The EU Health Policy Platform brings together more than 5 000 active participants from over 80 networks, such as patient groups and health professionals’ organisations, Member States authorities and the Commission. The Commission supported the network in identifying and securing funding for CSOs initiatives focussing on the support to Ukrainian refugees and patients on matters such as mental health and psychological needs. In addition, the EU Health Award has raised awareness of the role of CSOs, cities and schools in strengthening participative democracy and active citizenship in the realm of public health.

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See Political Declaration of the Ministerial Ukraine Accountability Conference , points 13,14, Eurojust, Guidelines for Civil Society Organisations on Documenting International Crimes and Human Rights Violations for Criminal Accountability Purposes (2022). Several Ukrainian CSOs that focus on documentation of and communication on war crimes (part of the 5 am Coalition ) are receiving grants from the EU / EU-funded projects.

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FRA, Europe's civil society: still under pressure - 2022 update (2022).

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Although the Charter is not strictly applicable in the EU’s external relations under Article 51(1), its provisions are binding on EU institutions and bodies, including departments responsible for the EU’s external relations, in all their activities. Moreover, regardless of the different legal and policy context in internal and external action, these departments have long-standing experience in working with, protecting, monitoring and maintaining a dialogue with CSOs and rights defenders.

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2022 Rule of Law Report – The rule of law situation in the European Union; COM(2022) 500 final.

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COM(2020) 790 final.

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/upholding-rule-law/eu-justice-scoreboard_en

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See FRA, Challenges facing civil society organisations working on human rights in the EU (2018), FRA, Protecting civic space in the EU ( 2021), and FRA, Europe's civil society: still under pressure - 2022 update (2022). See also https://fra.europa.eu/fr/cooperation/civil-society/civil-society-space .

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Report on the final outcome of the Conference on the Future of Europe , see in particular: ‘Include civil society … in the citizens’ participation process’ (Proposal 36, p. 79, point 5); ‘Provide enhanced structural support, financial and otherwise, for civil society, especially for youth civil society …. This could be achieved through … and a dedicated civil society strategy’ (point 8); ‘Strengthening cooperation between EU legislators and civil society organisations to utilise the link between decision-makers and citizens which civil society organisations constitute’ (point 10); ‘Reform the way the European Union works by better involving social partners and organised civil society’ (Proposal 39.6, p. 83); ‘Social partners and organised civil society should be better included in the decision-making process, given the importance in the European democratic life’ (Proposal 40.5, p. 84).

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22 of the 27 Member States responded to the targeted consultation.

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https://fra.europa.eu/en/cooperation/civil-society

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The report builds on recent reports on civic space and civil society from the European Parliament , the European Economic and Social Committee , FRA (see footnote 35), the United Nations , and the Council of Europe .

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The results of the four targeted consultations were assessed and summarised by FRA. See the summary reports of the consultations and the individual replies to the consultations by the Member States and stakeholders .

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 2. NHRIs also prioritise their work in line with the national situation and the most pressing needs, whereas equality bodies focus on implementing equality and non-discrimination legislation (FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 6).

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 8. In Sweden, a CSO carried out a state-funded project informing massage parlours of the risk of violence against women linked to prostitution and trafficking in human beings. The project created a label for massage parlours, educated those involved and produced information material for risk analyses and policy action within large companies (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 2).

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, pp. 5-6.

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 4. For example, Fridays for Future is a youth-led and organised global climate strike movement that began in Sweden. They provide information on climate issues and offer resources and support to people who want to influence policymaking through similar demonstrations and strikes, https://fridaysforfuture.org .

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 6.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 8.

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For instance, membership of the United Nations Human Rights Council involves dialogue with CSOs, whereby governments actively work with CSOs on human rights issues and enable them to engage in the work of the Council (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 6). The Council of Europe encourages reporting and participation of CSOs, see for example the handbook Working with the Council of Europe: a practical guide for civil society , and also: https://www.coe.int/en/web/anti-human-trafficking/role-of-ngos , https://www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/role-of-ngos , https://www.coe.int/en/web/istanbul-convention/ngo and https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission-against-racism-and-intolerance/civil-society .

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For instance, over the last few years, CSOs have drawn attention to the tragedy of missing migrants while pointing out the need to identify them and restore their dignity. The Council of Europe called for immediate action on this, and the forthcoming interoperability framework of Union’s large-scale IT systems will significantly contribute to finding a solution.

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 6.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 10.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 8.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 4; referring to District Court of The Hague, 5 February 2020 (ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:865, paragraph 5.1). Legal action was also taken by a CSO claiming that the state needed to take further measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to protect the right to life and to private and family life (Dutch Supreme Court, 20 December 2019, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007).

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 7. The Lithuanian NHRI has carried out investigations related to assisting victims of domestic violence and providing psychological services to people in social care institutions; FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 9.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 3.

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 7.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 5.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 5. In Croatia, CSOs contribute to the Civil Society Development Council and the Council for Human Rights, as well as expert working groups charged with drafting national policy documents (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 5).

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 5, the action plans are required as part of their membership of the Open Government Partnership, whose members include Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden; https://www.opengovpartnership.org/policy-area/civic-space-and-enabling-environment/ .

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Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 of 12 December 2017 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004.

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The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) has issued several alerts leading to action by EU consumer protection authorities against WhatsApp and TikTok ( https://www.beuc.eu/publications/consumer-groups-file-complaint-against-whatsapp-unfairly-pressuring-users-accept-its/html , https://www.beuc.eu/tiktok ) . Its first alert against unfair airline practices resulted in commitments by 16 major airlines to provide better information and reimburse passengers promptly when flights are cancelled ( https://www.beuc.eu/publications/beuc-reports-major-airlines-breaching-passenger-rights-and-calls-industry-investigation/html , https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/consumer-rights-and-complaints/enforcement-consumer-protection/coordinated-actions/air-travel_en ).

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Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16–22.

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The qualification of which associations, organisations and other legal entities have a legitimate interest (i.e. in ensuring that the provisions of this Directive are complied with) is defined in accordance with the criteria laid down by the relevant national law. Furthermore, these entities may engage in judicial and/or administrative procedures only with the approval of the complainant.

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Regulation (EU) 2021/1767 of 6 October 2021 amending Regulation (EC) No 1367/2006 on the application of the provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community institutions and bodies.

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Proposal for a directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law and replacing Directive 2008/99/EC, COM(2021) 851 final. The Commission also adopted a communication to facilitate access to justice in environmental matters for individuals and NGOs, COM(2020) 643. A recent judgement from the CJEU confirms that the Aarhus Convention, read in conjunction with the Charter, imposes an obligation on Member States to ensure effective judicial protection and allow environmental associations to verify before national courts that certain rules of EU environmental law are being complied with (8 November 2022, Deutsche Umwelthilfe eV v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C-873/19, EU:C:2022:857).

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Proposal for a directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937, COM(2022) 71, which also provides for the consultation of stakeholders and CSOs.

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Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, recital 62 of which calls for Member States to work closely with CSOs helping victims of crime.

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Article 8(4) of Directive 2012/29/EU.

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Article 24 of Directive (EU) 2017/541 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on combating terrorism and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA.

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SWD/2021/324 final, p. 10, referring to Belgium, France, Germany, Greece and Spain who combined services provided directly by the state with those provided by CSOs.

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Articles 27(3), 40 and 41 of the proposal for a directive on combating violence against women and domestic violence, COM(2022) 105 final.

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https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_11_4

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For example, C(2018) 6550, Article 2.2.4 of Annex 1 requires Member States to consult national stakeholders, in particular organisations representing persons with disabilities, and give due consideration to the stakeholders' opinion regarding specific websites to be monitored.

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Article 9(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 and Article 13(1) of Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010.

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Article 19(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007, Article 9(1) of Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010, Article 11(1) of Regulation (EU) No 181/2011, and Annex III to Regulation (EU) 2021/782. From June 2023, rail operators will be obliged to regularly consult these representative organisations of persons with disabilities and persons with reduced mobility on quality standards for assistance to persons with disabilities.

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Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Article 80.

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Directive (EU) 2016/680, Article 55.

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Proposal for a Regulation on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC, COM(2020) 825 final. When assessing systemic risks and mitigation measures, the DSA encourages providers of very large online platforms to engage with: (i) civil society partners, including by establishing codes of conduct, to support applying the rules properly; and (ii) CSOs conducting scientific research given their role in contributing to detecting, identifying and understanding systemic risks in the EU.

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Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on standards for equality bodies in the field of equal treatment and equal opportunities between women and men in matters of employment and occupation, and deleting Article 20 of Directive 2006/54/EC and Article 11 of Directive 2010/41/EU, COM(2022) 688; Proposal for a Council Directive on standards for equality bodies in the field of equal treatment between persons irrespective of their racial or ethnic origin, equal treatment in the field of employment and occupation between persons irrespective of their religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation, equal treatment between women and men in matters of social security and in the access to and supply of goods and services, and deleting Article 13 of Directive 2000/43/EC and Article 12 of Directive 2004/113/EC, COM(2022) 689.

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https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-union-internet-forum-euif_en

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https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/networks/radicalisation-awareness-network-ran/about-ran_en#who-are-we . The network includes civil society representatives, social workers, youth workers, teachers, healthcare professionals, local authority representatives, police officers and prison officers engaged in preventing and countering violent extremism and rehabilitating and reintegrating violent extremists.

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CSOs and rights defenders are more and more developing tools to protect their rights under the Charter, especially the rights to freedom of expression, including access to information, and to freedom of peaceful assembly and association, see European Center for Not-for-Profit Law Stichting (ECNL), the European Foundation Centre (EFC) and the Donors and Foundations Network in Europe (DAFNE), How to Use EU Law to Protect Civic Space (2020).

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As recognised by the Commission in the Charter strategy, by the European Parliament (resolution 2021/2103(INI) and legislative initiative resolution 2020/2026(INL)), and the Court of Justice of the European Union in its judgment of 18 June 2020, Commission v Hungary, C-78/18, EU:C:2020:476, paragraph 113.

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See Council of Europe, Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)11 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the need to strengthen the protection and promotion of civil society space in Europe and UN General Assembly resolution 53/144 Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Article 2).

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See FRA Reports - footnote 35 . Also UN Guidance Note, Protection and Promotion of Civic Space (2020) , p. 8.

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2022 FRA Charter consultation : Question (G) Obstacles under ‘safe space and protection’. See also FRA survey on Civic space – experiences of organisations in 2018 and 2019 .

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For example, stakeholders have reported that CSOs have been the target of negative narratives by public officials in Slovenia (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Slovenia, pp. 23-24), smear and disinformation campaigns in Croatia (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Croatia, p. 26), and verbal attacks by public figures in Slovakia (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Slovakia, p. 23). In Hungary, the LGBTIQ community and certain CSOs complain of being targeted by government smear campaigns (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Hungary, p. 30).

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For example, as regards Greece, NGOs referred to a law of 4 September 2021 criminalising certain work of CSOs, in particular those engaged in search and rescue missions at sea (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Greece, p. 22).

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SLAPPs are clearly unfounded or abusive court proceedings usually initiated by powerful individuals, lobby groups, corporations and state bodies against those involved in protecting the public interest. The aim is to censor, intimidate and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of legal defence. See the proposal for a directive on protecting persons who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings, COM(2022) 177 final, and the 2022 Rule of Law Report (pp. 21, 26), in which it is reported that this phenomenon has been gaining ground in the EU and represents one of the challenges faced by CSOs.

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FRA, Europe’s civil society: still under pressure – 2022 update (2022), p. 21, lists migration, environmental protection, women’s rights, LGBTIQ rights, anti-racism, and children’s rights as sensitive. See also FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 8, FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, pp. 15-16. For example, in Poland, LGBTIQ people and NGOs continue to be targeted by draft legislation initiatives (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Poland, p. 29). In Italy, civil society groups working on migrant rights are particularly targeted by a narrowing of civic space (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Italy, p. 25).

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See 2022 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 24; FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 10; also ENNHRI, State of the rule of law in the European Union (2022).

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NHRIs also reported being the target of negative media reports or campaigns, being targeted by lawsuits linked to their work, and having to report incidents to the police. One NRHI reported that its premises were attacked (FRA, Strong and effective national human rights institutions – challenges, promising practices and opportunities (2019), p. 45). See also ENNRHI, 2020 Guidelines on support for NHRIs under threat (2020).

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FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 6. For example, in Hungary, concerns persist about the independence of the Commissioner for Fundamental Rights (2022 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 24).

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For example, in Lithuania, concerns have been raised that a lack of resources and new draft legislation could harm the ability of the Office of the Parliamentary Ombudspersons to fulfil its mandate (2022 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 24). See also 2022 Rule of Law Report, recommendations to Croatia and Poland.

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FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 7. See also Equinet, Legislating for stronger, more effective equality bodies (2021) .

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Commission Recommendation (EU) 2018/951 of 22 June 2018 on standards for equality bodies (recital 21). See also footnote 78.

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According to CIVICUS Monitor, https://monitor.civicus.org/ , civic space is considered: (i) open in Austria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden; (ii) to have narrowed in Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, France, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain; and (iii) obstructed in Hungary, Poland.

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2022 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 25.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 12; 2022 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 25.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 12; 2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Germany, p. 25.

(100)

FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, pp. 18-19.

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2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Bulgaria, p. 25.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 12.

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https://oikeusministerio.fi/en/-/an-autonomous-and-dynamic-civil-society-for-all

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For example, Austria’s civil society has raised concerns over the impact of anti-terrorism legislation on the operating space for CSOs, specifically for Muslim organisations (see 2022 and 2021 Rule of Law Reports, Country Chapter Austria, pp. 23 and 18 respectively). In France a number of stakeholders raised concerns on the draft law to ‘reinforce respect for the republican principles’ as regards its potential impact on the civic space (Law No 2021-1109 of 24 August 2021; 2022 and 2021 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter France, pp. 23 and 17 respectively). In Greece, some CSOs raised concerns about the registration process for NGOs active in asylum, migration and social inclusion (Law 4662/2020, further amended by Law 4686/2020; see 2020, 2021 and 2022 Rule of Law Reports, Country Chapter Greece, pp. 22, 12 and 12 respectively). Three appeals are pending before the Council of State challenging some aspects of the legality of the law on the registration of NGOs. (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Greece, p. 21).

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For example, in Poland, a draft law proposal aiming to ensure ‘transparency of non-governmental organisations’ has raised stakeholders’ concerns (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Poland, p. 29).

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In Sweden, a proposal was presented to amend the Constitution to extend the possibilities to restrict the freedom of association by law for associations engaging in or supporting terrorism and CSOs expressed concern that the amendment could enable undue interference with the freedom of association (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Sweden, p. 19). See Financial Action Task Force, Combating the abuse of non-profit organisations (Recommendation 8) (2015).

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In Cyprus, CSOs have reported that legislation introduced to ensure compliance with rules on combating terrorist financing and money laundering has led to the de-registration of several CSOs (2022 and 2021 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Cyprus, pp. 16 and 12 respectively).

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For example, auditing checks on CSOs in Hungary have raised concerns (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Hungary, p. 29).

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See Chapter 4: Supporting CSOs and rights defenders.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 13.

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FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 9, FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 19. See also ENNHRI, State of the rule of law in the EU 2022 (2022).

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The Slovak National Centre for Human Rights collected 11 cases considered by respondents to be threats, harassment, or intimidation. Harassment of and slander against individuals or their families were the most common. Additionally, threats and the use of administrative procedures as a form of harassment (e.g. complaints, criminal reports) were prevalent (FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 9).

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 13, referring to ‘ Yhdessä vihaa vastaan ’ , a project funded under the rights, equality and citizenship programme.

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https://monitor.civicus.org/

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https://civicspacewatch.eu/

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 14, noting that protection has been provided for several years to individuals or journalists under threat.

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Contribution by ENNHRI, p. 10, noting that in Germany, a protection programme has been set up for human rights defenders subjected to threats due to their work. This includes on-site assistance and grants for temporary relocation.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 14.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 13.

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ENNHRI’s 2021 NHRI Academy, co-organised with OSCE-ODIHR, was dedicated to the topic. Protecting human rights defenders and co-creating inclusive civil society space in Europe: The role of NHRIs – 2021 NHRI Academy Follow-up Training | OSCE .

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ENNHRI, State of the rule of law in the European Union (2022), p. 39.

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FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 8.

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 19.

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2021 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 20.

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See the 2022 Rule of Law Report, Commission’s recommendations to Member States on civic space and challenges faced by CSOs and rights defenders (such as consultation mechanisms and the role of NHRIs) in Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Romania, and Sweden.

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See Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/758 of 27 April 2022 on protecting journalists and human rights defenders who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings (‘Strategic lawsuits against public participation’); Proposal for a directive on protecting persons who engage in public participation from manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings (“Strategic lawsuits against public participation”), COM(2022) 177 final; ENNHRI, The EU has a key role in safeguarding human rights defenders from strategic litigation against public participation (2022).

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COM(2021) 851 final, Article 13.

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COM(2022) 177 final. As parties to the Aarhus Convention, the EU and Member States must ensure that people exercising their rights in compliance with the rules of the Convention are protected from penalisation, persecution or harassment in any way.

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C(2022) 6536 final. See ENNHRI, NHRIs evidence the need to adopt common EU standards on media transparency, pluralism and freedom (2022), and FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 8.

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C(2021) 6650 final.

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European Parliament’s legislative initiative resolution with recommendations to the Commission on a statute for European cross-border associations and non-profit organisations , 2020/2026(INL).

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Single market – Proposal for a legislative initiative on cross-border activities of associations (europa.eu)

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Charter strategy, pp. 6-7.

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CJEU judgment of 18 June 2020, Commission v Hungary, C-78/18, EU:C:2020:476.

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CJEU judgment of 16 November 2021, Commission v Hungary, C-821/19, EU:C:2021:930.

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https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu_action_plan_on_human_rights_and_democracy_2020-2024.pdf

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https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu_guidelines_hrd_en.pdf . .

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C(2018) 6798 final, Annex 1.

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ProtectDefenders.eu .

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C(2018) 6798 final, Annex 2.

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https://csometer.info/

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This project has a set of standards and indicators to evaluate the legal framework affecting CSOs and their situation in 10 areas, including freedom of association, assembly and expression, right to privacy and access to funding.

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Recommendation CM/Rec(2021)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the development and strengthening of effective, pluralist and independent national human rights institutions; Recommendation CM/Rec(2019) 6 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the development of the Ombudsman institution; Recommendation CM/Rec(2018)11 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the need to strengthen the protection and promotion of civil society space in Europe.

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Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)14 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organisations in Europe.

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https://www.coe.int/en/web/ingo/expert-council

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https://fom.coe.int/en/pays

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FRA targeted consultation International Organisations summary report, pp. 2, 4. For example, the UN Human Rights Office helps protect civil society actors by monitoring the global and national enabling environment for civic space, leading UN efforts to monitor, prevent and address intimidation and reprisals against those who cooperate with the UN. The Office also advocates and provides guidance and assistance for: (i) adopting and implementing laws, policies and practices that identify threats and protect civil society from attacks, online and offline; and (ii) developing integrated protection networks at international, regional and national levels.

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See OSCE-ODIHR, The situation of human rights defenders in selected OSCE participating states. The final report of the first assessment cycle (2017-2019) (2021), noting that regular monitoring and reporting on the situation of rights defenders takes place across the OSCE region. OSCE-ODIHR also provides expert advice, raises states’ awareness on obligations to protect rights defenders, and facilitates dialogue between states and civil society on rights defenders’ work. OSCE-ODIHR additionally supports NHRIs and other defenders, building capacity to conduct monitoring and reporting in a safe and secure manner.

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https://www.osce.org/odihr/human-rights-defenders

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See OSCE-ODIHR, Guidelines on freedom of association (2015), principle 7.

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Three Member States referred to providing support by non-financial means (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 18). Support can also be through other means, such as capacity building, engagement and dialogue, protection and speaking out on behalf of CSOs. This report covers those activities in Chapters 2 and 5.

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For example, France has increased funding to rights defenders, the Defender of Rights and the National Consultative Commission on Human Rights (CNCDH), between 2021 and 2022 (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 19). In Germany, funding for CSOs through the ‘Live Democracy’ federal programme has increased significantly since 2015 (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 19).

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In Austria, a fund was set up in consultation with the organisations concerned to financially support non-profit organisations to cope with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (2021 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Austria, p. 18).

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The EEA and Norway Grants have also focused on long-term sustainability and capacity of civil society through the Active Citizens Fund .

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See 2021 Rule of Law Report, Communication, p. 24; See also, FRA, Protecting civic space in the EU (2021), p. 39, FRA, Europe’s Civil Society: Still Under Pressure (2022), p. 32; and Equinet, Legislating for stronger, more effective equality bodies (2021), p. 4.

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 22. See also European Civic Forum, Towards vibrant European civic and democratic space (2022), p. 37, on the challenges faced by some CSOs in accessing European structural funding.

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2022 FRA Charter consultation : Question (L) Obstacles under ‘Financing Framework’.

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Under the National Foundation for Civil Society (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Estonia, p. 15).

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Under the NGO Fund, the state’s budget programme (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Latvia, p. 18).

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Under the national NGO Fund (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Lithuania, p. 20).

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For example, the Maltese Civil Society Fund (FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 20).

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2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Finland, p. 19.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 20.

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For example, in Croatia and Denmark, public funding is available for CSOs’ core costs. In Slovenia and Sweden, covering administrative expenditure is allowed within the project budget (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, pp. 17-18).

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See FRA, Protecting civic space in the EU (2021), p. 8.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 21. Slovenia and Slovakia have tax designation systems that allow individuals and corporations assign a percentage of paid income tax to publicly beneficial purposes, including CSOs (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, pp. 17-18).

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 21.

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, p. 22. See also FRA, Europe’s civil society: still under pressure (2022), p.32.

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See FRA, Challenges facing civil society organisations working on human rights in the EU (2018), p. 32.

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Law 38/2003 of 17 November 2003 on General Subsidies.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 20.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, pp. 20-21.

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In Hungary, questions have been raised about the state’s role in financing civil society. According to stakeholders, the government has centralised the distribution of funding through the National Cooperation Fund and favours financing so-called GONGOs. In 2021, Hungary lost its eligibility for the EEA and Norway grants as it failed to agree on an independent grant operator in charge of managing civil society funding. See on both points 2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Hungary, pp. 30-31. In Poland, concerns raised by CSOs about the functioning of the National Institute of Freedom – Centre for Civil Society Development, responsible for the distribution of government funding and nationally attributed EU funding to NGOs, have not been addressed (2021 and 2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Poland, pp. 27 and 29 respectively).

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In Ireland, CSOs have raised concerns about the impact of the Electoral Act prohibiting donations above a certain threshold for ‘political purposes’ or from foreign donors (2020, 2021 and 2022 Rule of Law Reports, Country Chapter Ireland, pp. 15 and 18 and 20 respectively).

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In Germany, the legal uncertainty regarding the political activity of CSOs with a tax-exempt status continues to be a challenge although a reform of the rules has been announced (2022, 2021, and 2020 Rule of Law Reports, Country Chapter Germany, pp. 24, 17 and 12 respectively).

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FRA targeted consultation EU umbrella CSOs summary report, pp. 14, 20; CJEU judgment of 18 June 2020, Commission v Hungary, C-78/18, EU:C:2020:476.

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As reported in the Commission, Feasibility study for financial support for litigating cases relating to violations of democracy, rule of law and fundamental rights (2020), p. 3, 85% of respondents indicated that a lack of adequate funding represents an obstacle to litigation, legal counselling and support on fundamental rights ‘to a high extent’.

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In Slovakia, a legal reform has restricted subsidies to CSOs that promote marriage and family values, thus excluding CSOs active in gender equality and LGBTIQ rights (FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p.8; 2022 and 2021 Rule of Law Reports, Country Chapter Slovakia, pp. 23 and 20 respectively). In Czechia, obstacles to access public funding have been reported by stakeholders, in particular for CSOs engaged in environmental-, rule of law-, LGBTIQ- and asylum-related issues and advocacy (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Czechia, p. 20).

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/justice-and-consumers/justice-and-consumers-funding-tenders/funding-programmes/citizens-equality-rights-and-values-programme_en . It follows the previous Rights, Equality and Citizenship programme, https://ec.europa.eu/justice/grants1/programmes-2014-2020/rec/index_en.htm .

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2022 FRA Charter consultation : Question (N) The European Commission’s funding programmes in the area of rights and values (‘CERV programme’).

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Under the last call for proposals, EUR 2 million were awarded to seven projects on, among others, building legal practitioners’ knowledge on the use of the Charter, supporting the enforcement of CJEU jurisprudence on LGBTIQ equality, and strategic litigation in support of the rule of law. The projects cover 14 Member States and involve 30 CSOs, see https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/topic-details/cerv-2022-char-liti .

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The first re-granting call in 2022 received 40 proposals from intermediaries with a total request for funding of EUR 120 million. Altogether 16 proposals were selected, amounting to EUR 51 million. The funded proposals cover 16 Member States and include 49 intermediaries. In each project, intermediaries plan to distribute on average EUR 25 000 per CSO to an average of 100 CSOs. The projects will run for the next 3 years. Two additional CERV re-granting calls are planned up until 2027.

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Following a call for proposals in April 2021, 73 European organisations were granted financial support to cover their operational costs for 4 years (total budget of EUR 25.3 million). These framework partners can re-grant EU funding to their members at national and local levels, with EUR 5.8 million available, see call-fiche_cerv-2021-og-fpa_en.pdf (europa.eu) .

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In the first 2 years of the CERV programme, about 600 projects were awarded a total of around EUR 260 million.

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These included support for training, seminars and learning events, research and studies, awareness raising and media campaigns aimed at the public.

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/1_en_annexe_acte_autonome_part1_v8.pdf

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Such as Women against Violence Europe, Stichting European Roma Grassroots Organisations Network, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association Europe, International Planned Parenthood Federation’s European Network. From February to April 2022, the Polish Schuman Foundation, a framework partner, ran a social media campaign about EU activities in the context of the war. It also organised a series of meetings on the situation and volunteers’ needs on the ground, including psychological support and training for volunteer mentors.

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Call for proposals for action grants to support transnational projects on judicial training covering civil law, criminal law or fundamental rights (JUST-2021-JTRA), https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/programmes/just2027 . For example, the CSO-led project ‘ Pioneering anti-SLAPP training for freedom of expression ’ trains lawyers representing journalists and rights defenders in 11 Member States.

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https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe_en . For example, in the MIICT project , a consortium of CSOs aim to address the challenge of migrant integration by co-creating improved ICT services with migrants, refugees, public sector services, NGOs and other interest groups. The Re-InVEST project focuses on rebuilding an inclusive, value-based Europe of solidarity and trust through social investments. The DigiGen research project studies how children are affected by digital transformation.

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https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/ . For example, Erasmus+ co-funds the European Youth Forum, a platform representing over 100 youth organisations, which works to ‘empower young people to participate actively in society to improve their own lives by representing and advocating their needs and interests and those of their organisations.’ In addition, via annual calls for proposals, umbrella organisations in the field of education and training can apply for funding too. One such example is the Lifelong Learning Platform, which gathers 42 European CSOs active in the field of education, training and youth representing more than 50 000 educational institutions and associations covering all sectors of formal, non-formal and informal learning.

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https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/networks/radicalisation-awareness-network-ran/civil-society-empowerment-programme_en

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See respective Multi-annual Implementation Plans at https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/system/files/mip-2021-c2021-9158-civil-society-organisations-annex_en.pdf and https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/system/files/mip-2021-c2021-9620-human-rights-democracy-annex_en.pdf

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See the Charter strategy, p. 10, noting that ‘the Commission will support an enabling environment for civil society organisations, in particular through the new Union values strand of the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme’ and that ‘the Commission invites Member States to promote a supportive and safe environment for civil society organisations and rights defenders in their country, including at local level’.

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FRA, Protecting civic space in the EU (2021), pp. 6, 14.

(195)

2022 FRA Charter consultation : Question (K) Obstacles under ‘Participation and cooperation with authorities’.

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FRA, Protecting civic space in the EU (2021), p. 9.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 25.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 25.

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https://www.zukunftsraumland.at/seiten/185

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p 24.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 14.

(202)

FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 15.

(203)

FRA, Protecting civic space in the EU (2021), p. 23.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 24. According to the 2022 Rule of Law Report, stakeholders report that involving CSOs in public decision-making in Czechia is not yet systematic. The strategy for cooperation between public administration and NGOs, from July 2021, contains measures to support partnership and cooperation between public administration and the non-profit sector. A public consultation was organised in January 2022 on a draft methodology so that civil society can participate in advisory and working bodies and help develop central administrative authorities’ legislative and non-legislative materials. Following the approval by the Government Council of NGOs, the methodology will be validated by the end of 2024 (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Czechia, pp. 19-20).

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 24.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 24.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 5.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 3,

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The 2022 Rule of Law Report confirms that, despite certain challenges, CSOs in Portugal continue to be involved in government initiatives, in particular in civic participation and gender equality, 2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Portugal, pp. 1, 17-18, 23-24.

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FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, p. 4.

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FRA targeted consultation ENNHRI and EQUINET summary report, pp. 6, 13.

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According to the 2022 Rule of Law Report, the creation of a NHRI in Italy is still pending due to delays in the legislative process. The report recommends Italy to step up efforts to establish a NHRI, taking into account the UN Paris Principles, and that the democratic participation of CSOs should be promoted through a permanent advisory board (2022 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter Italy, pp. 1, 23). Similar recommendations have been made to Czechia, Malta, and Romania.

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CJEU judgment in case C-78/18, Commission v Hungary, cit., paragraph 112, referring to ECtHR judgments of 17 February 2004, Gorzelik and Others v Poland, app. No 44158/98, §§ 88, 90 and 92, and of 8 October 2009, Tebieti Mühafize Cemiyyeti and Israfilov v Azerbaijan, app. No 37083/03, §§ 52-53.

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Tool #11 of the Better Regulation Toolbox (2021)

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-making-process/planning-and-proposing-law/better-regulation-why-and-how/better-regulation-guidelines-and-toolbox_en

(216)

https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say_en

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Better Regulation toolbox pp. 113-132, 446.

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/contact/problems-and-complaints/complaints-about-breaches-eu-law/how-make-complaint-eu-level_en

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https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/home

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CSOs were members of the High-Level Expert Group on AI, which produced the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI , and a self-assessment tool for developers and deployers of AI systems.

(221)

https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf

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COM(2021) 206 final. CSOs also maintain an active dialogue with the Commission and the EU co-legislator during the legislative process. They are seen as key partners in the future multi-stakeholder expert group that will support the legislation’s implementation after its adoption.

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The open public consultation received responses from 1 620 NGOs, 5 consumer organisations and 4 environmental organisations, https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12548-Sustainable-corporate-governance/public-consultation_en . A roundtable meeting was organised with CSOs, and several meetings took place between the Commission, rights defenders and environmental organisations.

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Results available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/13192-EU-action-against-abusive-litigation-SLAPP-targeting-journalists-and-rights-defenders/public-consultation_en .

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COM(2022) 197 final. The open public consultation received 382 valid responses, including from 84 NGOs and 4 consumer organisations. Views were collected on a wide range of issues, including access to health data, health data interoperability, digital infrastructure, requirements for digital health solution providers, secondary use of data and data quality requirements, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_2083 .

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Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/1534 of 16 September 2021 on ensuring the protection, safety and empowerment of journalists and other media professionals in the European Union, prepared in consultation with organisations and associations representing journalists or providing support to journalists.

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Numerous consultation activities were organised with CSOs, including three workshops, a final conference and the youth policy dialogue. Altogether 38 CSOs replied to the public consultation on the initiative (representing 21% of respondents). In addition to their participation in these consultation activities, all equality bodies and Equinet were interviewed and replied to targeted surveys.

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The Commission publishes its recommendations for negotiating directives so that civil society can give comments. A highly participatory sustainability impact assessment is carried out to provide more in-depth analysis of the potential economic, social, human rights, and environmental impact of each ongoing trade negotiation. After negotiations, the Commission publishes the final text of the agreement and the reports and agendas of the committees and dialogues set up as part of the trade agreements. Once the agreement comes into force, the Commission publishes an ex post evaluation of the impact of the agreement, which draws in large measure on input from stakeholders, including civil society.

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COM(2020) 698 final.

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COM(2020) 620 final.

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Regulation (EU) 2021/1060 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2021 laying down common provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund Plus, the Cohesion Fund, the Just Transition Fund and the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund and financial rules for those and for the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, the Internal Security Fund and the Instrument for Financial Support for Border Management and Visa Policy, OJ L 231, 30.6.2021, pp. 159–706. To support Member States, the Commission is developing a digital training manual to help ensure the Charter is respected when implementing the funds concerned.

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The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Cohesion Fund, the Just Transition Fund, the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, the Asylum and Migration Fund, the Internal Security Fund and the Border Management and Visa Instrument.

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Article 15 of and Annex III to the CPR. Article 8 of the CPR requires Member States to involve CSOs in the preparation of partnership agreements and throughout the preparation, implementation and evaluation of programmes, including in monitoring committees. Article 9(1) of the CPR requires Member States and the Commission to ensure respect for fundamental rights and compliance with the Charter in implementing funds covered by the CPR. See https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/find-funding/funding-management-mode/common-provisions-regulation_en .

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Such as those responsible for promoting social inclusion, fundamental rights, the rights of persons with disabilities, gender equality and non-discrimination, as well as environmental partners. See also Chapter 2.

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Article 8 CPR.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 26.

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 26. Similarly, in Slovakia, CSOs participate in monitoring CPR programmes as members of monitoring committees and working groups. A monitoring system for the horizontal enabling condition on the effective application and implementation of the Charter is being set up by the Ministry of Labour (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 26). In Spain, CSOs are represented in the monitoring committees of each operational programme co-financed by the ERDF, ESF+, European agricultural guarantee fund (EAGF) and European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) funds. Their involvement focuses, among others, on approving the selection criteria, implementation reports and public summaries (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 26). In Finland, the monitoring committee appointed to oversee the EU’s regional and structural policy programme for 2021-2027, led by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, includes two representatives of organisations responsible for promoting social inclusion, fundamental rights, rights of persons with disabilities, gender equality, and non-discrimination (FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 26).

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FRA targeted consultation Member States summary report, p. 26.

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https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=10124&furtherNews=yes

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https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/legal-migration-and-integration/european-migration-forum-emf_en

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The Platform is composed of 34 members, including 23 members from civil society, https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/criminal-justice/protecting-victims-rights/victims-rights-platform_en .

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https://romacivilmonitoring.eu/

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The Civil Society Forum on Drugs in the EU is a Commission expert group to support drug policy formulation and implementation. It was created in 2007 and is currently composed of 43 members representing a range of drug policy areas, including harm reduction, treatment, prevention, social reintegration, etc.

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https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation

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Civil society have been active in offering feedback and recommendation on the rule of law report as a mechanism: joint-statement-on-rule-of-law-reports-22-09-21-epd.pdf . The Commission is reflecting on ways to respond to this feedback and improve involvement, for example, in 2022 it included country-specific recommendations, a request from CSOs.

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There are currently around 360 organisations registered in the Civil Society Dialogue database, including traditional non-governmental organisations, employers’ organisations, trade union organisations, environmental and consumer associations, business associations, faith-based groups, as well as representatives of the European Economic and Social Committee. A contact group of 13 members supports the civil society dialogue.

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https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/transparency-eu-trade-negotiations/domestic-advisory-groups_en

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https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/committees-and-advisory-councils/civil-dialogue-groups_en . In particular, as part of the EU’s work to protect geographical indications, frequent contact with CSOs support Member States and the Commission by providing feedback on how the mechanism is working and identifying areas where further action is needed.

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The main event of the civil dialogue is the Annual Convention on Inclusive Growth, a 1-day event bringing together around 450 stakeholders to discuss a topic particularly relevant for developing the EU’s social agenda. The civil dialogue also includes the European Meeting of People Experiencing Poverty.

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https://voicesofculture.eu/

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The 23rd edition of the Forum in 2021 discussed a human rights-based recovery from the pandemic and made specific recommendations to policymakers ( https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-ngo-human-rights-forum_en ), and recent past Forums have tackled subjects such as environmental human rights defenders and shrinking civic space.

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In 2023, the Commission will put forward a Defence of Democracy Package to deepen the action under the European Democracy Action Plan; COM(2022) 548 final, p. 11.

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See European Civic Forum and Civic Space Watch, Towards vibrant European civic and democratic space (2022), Civil Society Europe, European Commission work programme 2023: the need to include the development of a European Civil Society Strategy (2022), Recharging Advocacy for Rights in Europe, Advocacy brief on an European strategy for civil society: recognition, inclusion, protection (2022).

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See footnote 83 on the two European Parliament reports.

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See footnote 36 on the Conference proposals.