Regulation 2012/231 - Specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation 1333/2008 - Main contents

Not more than 0,5 %

Νot more than 0,5 %, for Ε 127 erythrosine only

Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions)

Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable.

Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallization. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occurring in turmeric may be present.

Curcumin is also used as the aluminium lake; the aluminium content is less than 30 %.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane, propan-2-ol.

75300

207-280-5

201-507-1

7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione; 7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine

C17H20N4O6

376,37

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

328 at ca. 444 nm in aqueous solution

Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33

in aqueous solution

[α]D 20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution

Not more than 1,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate.

204-988-6

Monosodium(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate; monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin

For the dihydrate form: C17H20N4NaO9P · 2H2O

514,36

Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P.2H2O

250 at ca. 375 nm in aqueous solution

Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34

in aqueous solution

[α]D 20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution

Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hours in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form

Not more than 25 %

Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)

Riboflavin (free): Not more than 6 %

Riboflavine diphosphate: Not more than 6 %

Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Tartrazine is prepared from 4-amino-benzenesulphonic acid, which is diazotized using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is then coupled with 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4sulphophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid or with the methyl ester, the ethyl ester, or a salt of this carboxylic acid. The resulting dye is purified and isolated as the sodium salt. Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

19140

217-699-5

Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

C16H9N4Na3O9S2

534,37

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

530 at ca. 426 nm in aqueous solution

Light orange powder or granules

Yellow

Maximum in water at ca. 426 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1,0 %

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione or a mixture containing about two thirds 2-(2-quinolyl)indane-1,3-dione and one third 2-(2-(6-methylquinolyl))indane-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

47005

305-897-5

The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component)

C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)

477,38 (principal component)

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition:

Of the total colouring matters present:

865 (principal component) at ca. 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution

Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Sunset Yellow FCF is manufactured by diazotizing 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite or sulphuric acid and sodium nitrite. The diazo compound is coupled with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene-sulphonic acid. The dye is isolated as the sodium salt and dried.

Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

15985

220-491-7

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate

C16H10N2Na2O7S2

452,37

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

555 at ca. 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Orange-red powder or granules

Orange

Maximum in water at ca. 485 nm at pH 7

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 5,0 %

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Carmines and carminic acid are obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa.

The colouring principle is carminic acid.

Aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines) can be formed in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2.

In commercial products the colouring principle is present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess.

Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect, and may also contain free carminate or a small residue of unbound aluminium cations.

75470

Cochineal: 215-680-6; carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4

7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid

C22H20O13 (carminic acid)

492,39 (carminic acid)

Content not less than 2,0 % carminic acid in the extracts containing carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.

Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder. Cochineal extract is generally a dark red liquid but can also be dried as a powder.

Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca. 518 nm

Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca. 494 nm for carminic acid

139 at peak around 494 nm in dilute hydrochloric acid for carminic acid

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

14720

222-657-4

Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate

C20H12N2Na2O7S2

502,44

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

510 at ca. 516 nm in aqueous solution

Red to maroon powder or granules

Red

Maximum in water at ca. 516 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1 %

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Amaranth is manufactured by coupling 4-amino-1-naphthalenesulphonic acid with 3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonic acid.

Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

16185

213-022-2

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

604,48

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

440 at ca. 520 nm in aqueous solution

Reddish-brown powder or granules

Red

Maximum in water at ca. 520 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 3,0 %

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Ponceau 4R is manufactured by coupling diazotized naphthionic acid to G acid (2-naphthol-6,8- disulphonic acid) and converting the coupling product to the trisodium salt.

Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

16255

220-036-2

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

604,48

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt.

430 at ca. 505 nm in aqueous solution

Reddish powder or granules

Red

Maximum in water at ca. 505 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1,0 %

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Erythrosine is manufactured by iodination of fluorescein, the condensation product of resorcinol and phthalic anhydride

Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

45430

240-474-8

Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate

C20H6I4Na2O5 H2O

897,88

Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium salt

1 100 at ca. 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Red powder or granules.

Red

Maximum in water at ca. 526 nm at pH 7

Not more than 0,1 % (calculated as sodium iodide)

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 4,0 %

Not more than 20 mg/kg

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 0,2 %

From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Allura Red AC is manufactured by coupling diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulphonic acid with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid

Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

16035

247-368-0

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate

C18H14N2Na2O8S2

496,42

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

540 at ca. 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Dark red powder or granules

Red

Maximum in water at ca. 504 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 3,0 %

Not more than 0,3 %

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1,0 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

The potassium salt is also permitted.

42051

222-573-8

The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt

Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca1/2

Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na

Calcium compound: 579,72

Sodium compound: 582,67

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

2 000 at ca. 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Dark blue powder or granules

Blue

Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 2,0 %

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 4,0 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Indigo carmine is obtained by sulphonation of indigo. This is accomplished by heating indigo (or indigo paste) in the presence of sulphuric acid. The dye is isolated and subjected to purification procedures.

73015

212-728-8

Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate

C16H8N2Na2O8S2

466,36

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt;

disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 %

480 at ca. 610 nm in aqueous solution

Dark-blue powder or granules

Blue

Maximum in water at ca. 610 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 %

Total not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

42090

223-339-8

Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate

C37H34N2Na2O9S3

792,84

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

1 630 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous solution

Reddish-blue powder or granules

Blue

Maximum in water at ca. 630 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 6,0 %

Not more than 1,5 %

Not more than 0,3 %

Not more than 5,0 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present coordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

75810

Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4

The major colouring principles are:

Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Phaeophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a)

Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b)

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5

Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6

Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51

Chlorophyll a: 871,22

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49

Chlorophyll b: 885,20

Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 %

700 at ca. 409 nm in chloroform

Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of coordinated magnesium

Maximum in chloroform at ca. 409 nm

Acetone

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

75815

287-483-3

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:

Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function.

Magnesium complexes may also be present.

Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

75810

Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5

[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a)

[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)

Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6

Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75

Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73

Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %.

540 at ca. 422 nm in chloroform

300 at ca. 652 nm in chloroform

Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material

Maximum in chloroform at ca. 422 nm and at ca. 652 nm

Acetone

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins

The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralised to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

75815

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)

Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6

Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20

Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h.

565 at ca. 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

145 at ca. 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

Dark green to blue/black powder

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca. 405 nm and at 630 nm

Acetone

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins

Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds.

Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

44090

221-409-2

Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium; Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).

C27H25N2NaO7S2

576,63

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

1 720 at ca. 632 nm in aqueous solution

Dark blue or dark green powder or granules

Blue or green

Maximum in water at ca. 632 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1,0 %

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 5,0 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelisation, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Not more than 50 %

Not more than 50 %

0,01-0,12

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

More than 50 %

0,05-0,13

Not more than 0,3 % (3)

Not more than 0,2 % (3)

0,3-3,5 % (3)

More than 40 %

19-34

Greater than 50

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Not more than 50 %

More than 50 %

0,08-0,36

Not more than 0,3 % (5)

Not more than 200 mg/kg (5)

Not more than 10 mg/kg (5)

Not more than 0,2 % (5)

0,7-3,3 % (5)

13-35

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

More than 50 %

0,10-0,60

Not more than 0,6 % (7)

Not more than 0,2 % (7)

Not more than 250 mg/kg (7)

0,3-1,7 % (7)

0,8-2,5 % (7)

0,7-2,7

8-14

Not more than 50

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Brilliant Black BN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Black BN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

28440

219-746-5

Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate

C28H17N5Na4O14S4

867,69

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

530 at ca. 570 nm in solution

Black powder or granules

Black-bluish

Maximum in water at ca. 570 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 4 % (expressed on the dye content)

Total not more than 0,8 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Vegetable activated carbon is produced by the carbonisation of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The activated carbon thus produced is milled by a roller mill and the resulting highly activated powdered carbon is treated by a cyclone. The fine fractio40800n from the cyclone is purified by hydrochloric acid washing, neutralised and then dried. The resulting product is what is known traditionally as vegetable black. Products with a higher colouring power are produced from the fine fraction by a further cyclone treatment or by extra milling, followed by acid washing, neutralising and drying. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.

77266

231-153-3

Carbon

C

12,01

Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis

Not more than 12 % (120 °C 4 h)

Black, odourless powder

Insoluble in water and organic solvents

When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame

Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Benzo(a)pyrene less than 50 μg/kg in the extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction.

The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless

Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.

20285

224-924-0

Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)

C27H18N4Na2O9S2

652,57

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt.

403 at ca. 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Reddish-brown powder or granules

Brown

Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca. 460 nm

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 10 % (TLC method)

Not more than 0,7 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.

40800

230-636-6

Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene

C40H56

536,88

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Not more than 0,1 %

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Plant carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (9), dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.

75130

230-636-6

Beta-carotene: C40H56

Beta-carotene: 536,88

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats

2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm

Acetone

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate or isobutyl acetate followed by propan-2-ol and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.

40800

230-636-6

Beta-carotene; beta, beta-carotene

C40H56

536,88

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Ethyl acetate

Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination

Not more than 0,2 %

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 100 colonies per gram

Not more than 100 colonies per gram

Absent in 25 g

Absent in 5 g

Mixed carotenes may also be produced from strains of the algae Dunaliella salina, grown in large saline lakes located in Whyalla, South Australia. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

75130

Beta-Carotene: C40H56

Beta-Carotene: 536,88

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 %

2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm

Not more than 0,3 %

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane or dichloromethane, carbon dioxide followed by the removal of the solvent.

Norbixin is prepared by hydrolysis by aqueous alkali of the extracted bixin.

Bixin and norbixin may contain other materials extracted from the annatto seed.

The bixin powder contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans- forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.

The norbixin powder contains the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans-forms may be present.

75120

Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7

Bixin:

6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate

9′cis-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid

Bixin:

C25H30O4

C24H28O4

Bixin:

394,51

380,48

Content of bixin powders not less than 75 % total carotenoids calculated as bixin.

2 870 at ca. 502 nm in chloroform

2 870 at ca. 482 nm in KOH solution

Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution

Bixin:

maximum in chloroform at ca. 502 nm

maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca. 482 nm

Acetone

not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Water soluble annatto is prepared by extraction with aqueous alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.)

Water soluble annatto contains norbixin, the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts, as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans- forms may be present.

75120

Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7

Bixin:

6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate

9′cis-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid

Bixin:

C25H30O4

C24H28O4

Bixin:

394,51

380,48

Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as norbixin

2 870 at ca. 482 nm in KOH solution

Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution

Bixin:

maximum in chloroform at ca. 502 nm

maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca. 482 nm

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Annatto extracts in oil, as solution or suspension, are prepared by extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with edible vegetable oil. Annatto extract in oil contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans-forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.

75120

Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7

Bixin:

6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate

9′cis-6,6′-Diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid

Bixin:

C25H30O4

C24H28O4

Bixin:

394,51

380,48

Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as bixin

2 870 at ca. 502 nm in chloroform

Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution

Bixin:

maximum in chloroform at ca. 502 nm

maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca. 482 nm

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, propan-2-ol and carbon dioxide.

Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2

Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,κ-carotene-6-one

Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6′-dione

Capsanthin:

C40H56O3

C40H56O4

Capsanthin:

584,85

600,85

Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids

Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids

2 100 at ca. 462 nm in acetone

Dark-red viscous liquid

Maximum in acetone at ca. 462 nm

A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulphuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform

Ethyl acetate

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 250 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.

75125

207-949-1

ψ,ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

C40H56

536,85

Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-trans-lycopene)

at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450

Red crystalline powder

A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm

The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid

Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform

Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour

Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)

Not more than 0,15 %

Not more than 0,01 %

Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg,

Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each.

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene; minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.

75125

207-949-1

Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

C40H56

536,85

at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450.

Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters

Dark red viscous liquid

Maximum in hexane at ca. 472 nm

Propan-2-ol

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Not more than 1 %

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Propan-2-ol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.

75125

207-949-1

Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, ((all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

C40H56

536,85

Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-trans-lycopene of all colouring matters

at 465-475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-trans-lycopene) is 3 450

Red crystalline powder

A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm

The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid

Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform

Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour

Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)

Not more than 5 %

Propan-2-ol: not more than 0,1 %

Isobutyl acetate: not more than 1,0 %

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)

Not more than 0,3 %

Not more than 1 mg/kg

These specifications apply predominantly to the all-trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

40820

214-171-6

β-Apo-8′-carotenal; trans-β-Apo-8′carotene-aldehyde

C30H40O

416,65

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters

2 640 at 460-462 nm in cyclohexane

Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder

Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm

Not more than 0,1 %

Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal:

not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and Tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and carbon dioxide

204-840-0

3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene

C40H56O2

568,88

Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein

2 550 at ca. 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)

Dark, yellowish brown liquid

Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (1:9) at ca. 445 nm

Acetone

Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

These specifications apply to predominantly all-trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

40850

208-187-2

β-Carotene-4,4′-dione; canthaxanthin; 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene

C40H52O2

564,86

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin)

at ca. 485 nm in chloroform

Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder

Maximum in chloroform at ca. 485 nm

Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm

Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm

Not more than 0,1 %

Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Beet red is obtained from the roots of strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present.

Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.

231-628-5

(S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate

Betanin: C24H26N2O13

550,48

Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 %

1 120 at ca. 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid

Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca. 535 nm

Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Anthocyanins are obtained by maceration or extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the strains of vegetables and edible fruits, with subsequent concentration and/or purification if necessary. The resulting product can be transformed into powder by an industrial drying process. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material. Ethanol may naturally be present as a result of the maceration process. The colouring principle is anthocyanin. Products are marketed according to their colour strength as determined by the assay. Colour content is not expressed using quantitative units.

208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin); 215-849-4 (petunidin)

3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin)

3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)

Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl

Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl

Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl

Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl

Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl

Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl

Cyanidin: 322,6

Peonidin: 336,7

Malvidin: 366,7

Delphinidin: 340,6

Petunidin: 352,7

Pelargonidin: 306,7

300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0

Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour

Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl

Cyanidin: 535 nm

Peonidin: 532 nm

Malvidin: 542 nm

Delphinidin: 546 nm

Petunidin: 543 nm

Pelargonidin: 530 nm

Methanol

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 1 000 mg/kg per percent pigment

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.

77220

Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9

Limestone: 215-279-6

Calcium carbonate

CaCO3

100,1

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder

Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.

Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1 %

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Not more than 100 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product.

The anatase grades of pigmentary titanium dioxide can only be made by the sulphate process which creates a large amount of sulphuric acid as a by-product. The rutile grades of titanium dioxide are typically made by the chloride process.

Certain rutile grades of titanium dioxide are produced using mica (also known as potassium aluminum silicate) as a template to form the basic platelet structure. The surface of the mica is coated with titanium dioxide using a specialised patented process.

Rutile titanium dioxide, platelet form is manufactured by subjecting titanium dioxide (rutile) coated mica nacreous pigment to an extractive dissolution in acid followed by an extractive dissolution in alkali. All of the mica is removed during this process and the resulting product is a platelet form of rutile titanium dioxide.

77891

236-675-5

Titanium dioxide

TiO2

79,88

Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis

White to slightly coloured powder

Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulphuric acid.

Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours)

Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C)

Total not more than 2,0 %

Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of the product as sold.

Not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Not more than 2 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Not more than 10 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Not more than 1 mg/kg after an extraction with 0,5 N HCl.

Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essentially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distinguished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing process.

Iron Oxide Yellow:

77492

77491

77499

Iron Oxide Yellow:

257-098-5

215-168-2

235-442-5

Iron Oxide Yellow: hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide

Iron Oxide Yellow:

FeO(OH) · H2O

Fe2O3

FeO.Fe2O3

88,85:

FeO(OH)

Fe2O3

FeO.Fe2O3

Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed as iron

Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue

Insoluble in water and in organic solvents

Soluble in concentrated mineral acids

Not more than 1,0 %

By total dissolution

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 100 mg/kg

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 100 mg/kg

Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids.

77000

231-072-3

Aluminium

Al

26,98

Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis

A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets

Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.

A sample dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid passes test

Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

77820

231-131-3

Silver

Ag

107,87

Content not less than 99,5 % Ag

Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets

77480

231-165-9

Gold

Au

197,0

Content not less than 90 % Au

Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets

Not more than 7 %

After complete dissolution

Not more than 4 %

Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components.

15850:1

226-109-5

Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-carboxylate

C18H12CaN2O6S

424,45

Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters

200 at ca. 442 nm in dimethylformamide

Red powder

Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca. 442 nm

Not more than 0,5 %

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 0,4 %

Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline)

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

203-768-7

Sorbic acid; trans, trans-2,4-Hexadienoic acid

C6H8O2

112,12

Content not less than 99 % on the anhydrous basis

Colourless needles or white free flowing powder, having a slight characteristic odour and showing no change in colour after heating for 90 minutes at 105 °C

Between 133 °C and 135 °C, after vacuum drying for four hours in a sulphuric acid desiccator

A propan-2-ol solution (1 in 4 000 000) shows absorbance maximum at 254 ± 2 nm

Passes test

Slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol.

Not more than 0,5 % (Karl Fischer method)

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 0,1 % (as formaldehyde)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

246-376-1

Potassium sorbate; Potassium (E,E)-2,4-hexadienoate; Potassium salt of trans, trans 2,4-hexadienoic acid

C6H7O2K

150,22

Content not less than 99 % on the dried basis

White crystalline powder showing no change in colour after heating for 90 minutes at 105 °C

Melting range of sorbic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 133 °C to 135 °C after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Passes test

Passes test

Not more than 1,0 % (105 °C, 3 hours)

Not more than about 1,0 % (as sorbic acid or K2CO3)

Not more than 0,1 %, calculated as formaldehyde

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

231-321-6

Calcium sorbate; Calcium salts of trans, trans-2,4-hexadienoic acid

C12H14O4Ca

262,32

Content not less than 98 % on the dried basis

Fine white crystalline powder not showing any change in colour after heating at 105 °C for 90 minutes

Melting range of sorbic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 133 °C to 135 °C after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Passes test

Passes test

Not more than 2,0 %, determined by vacuum drying for four hours in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Not more than 0,1 % (as formaldehyde)

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

200-618-2

Benzoic acid; Benzenecarboxylic acid; Phenylcarboxylic acid

C7H6O2

122,12

Content not less than 99,5 % on the anhydrous basis

White crystalline powder

121,5 °C -123,5 °C

Passes test

Passes test

About 4 (solution in water)

Not more than 0,5 % (3 hours, over sulphuric acid)

Not more than 0,05 %

Not more than 0,07 % expressed as chloride corresponding to 0,3 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid

Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required

A cold solution of 0,5 g of benzoic acid in 5 ml of 94,5 to 95,5 % sulphuric acid must not show a stronger colouring than that of a reference liquid containing 0,2 ml of cobalt chloride TSC (10), 0,3 ml of ferric chloride TSC (11), 0,1 ml of copper sulphate TSC (12) and 4,4 ml of water

On fractional acidification of a neutralised solution of benzoic acid, the first precipitate must not have a different melting point from that of the benzoic acid

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

208-534-8

Sodium benzoate; Sodium salt of benzenecarboxylic acid; Sodium salt of phenylcarboxylic acid

C7H5O2Na

144,11

Not less than 99 % of C7H5O2Na, after drying at 105 °C for four hours

A white, almost odourless, crystalline powder or granules

Freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol

Melting range of benzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 121,5 °C to 123,5 °C, after drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Passes test

Passes test

Not more than 1,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)

Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required

On fractional acidification of a (neutralised) solution of sodium benzoate, the first precipitate must not have a different melting range from that of benzoic acid

Not more than 0,06 % expressed as chloride, corresponding to 0,25 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid

Neutralisation of 1 g of sodium benzoate, in the presence of phenolphthalein, must not require more than 0,25 ml of 0,1 N NaOH or 0,1 N HCl

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

209-481-3

Potassium benzoate; Potassium salt of benzenecarboxylic acid; Potassium salt of phenylcarboxylic acid

C7H5KO2·3H2O

214,27

Content not less than 99 % C7H5KO2 after drying at 105 °C to constant weight

White crystalline powder

Melting range of benzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 121,5 °C to 123,5 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Passes test

Passes test

Not more than 26,5 % (105 °C, 4 hours)

Not more than 0,06 % expressed as chloride, corresponding to 0,25 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid

Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required

A cold solution of 0,5 g of benzoic acid in 5 ml 94,5 to 95,5 % sulphuric acid must not show a stronger colouring than that of a reference liquid containing 0,2 ml of cobalt chloride TSC, 0,3 ml of ferric chloride TSC, 0,1 ml of copper sulphate TSC and 4,4 ml of water

On fractional acidification of a (neutralised) solution of potassium benzoate, the first precipitate must not have a different melting range from that of benzoic acid

Neutralisation of 1 g of potassium benzoate, in the presence of phenolphthalein, must not require more than 0,25 ml of 0,1 N NaOH or 0,1 N HCl

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

218-235-4

Calcium benzoate; Calcium dibenzoate

Anhydrous:

C14H10O4Ca

C14H10O4Ca·H2O

C14H10O4Ca·3H2O

Anhydrous:

282,31

300,32

336,36

Content not less than 99 % after drying at 105 °C

White or colourless crystals, or white powder

Melting range of benzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised 121,5 °C to 123,5 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Passes test

Passes test

Not more than 17,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)

Not more than 0,3 %

Not more than 0,06 % expressed as chloride, corresponding to 0,25 % expressed as monochlorobenzoic acid

Add 1,5 ml of sulphuric acid to 100 ml of water, heat to boiling point and add 0,1 N KMnO4 in drops, until the pink colour persists for 30 seconds. Dissolve 1 g of the sample, weighed to the nearest mg, in the heated solution, and titrate with 0,1 N KMnO4 to a pink colour that persists for 15 seconds. Not more than 0,5 ml should be required

Cold solution of 0,5 g of benzoic acid in 5 ml of 94,5 to 95,5 % sulphuric acid must not show a stronger colouring than that of a reference liquid containing 0,2 ml of cobalt chloride TSC, 0,3 ml of ferric chloride TSC, 0,1 ml of copper sulphate TSC and 4,4 ml of water

On fractional acidification of a (neutralised) solution of calcium benzoate, the first precipitate must not be a different melting range from that of benzoic acid

Neutralisation of 1 g of calcium benzoate, in the presence of phenolphthalein, must not require more than 0,25 ml of 0,1 N NaOH or 0,1 N HCl

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

204-399-4

Ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate; Ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

C9H10O3

166,8

Content not less than 99,5 % after drying for two hours at 80 °C

Almost odourless, small, colourless crystals or a white, crystalline powder

115-118 °C

Melting range of p-hydroxybenzoic acid isolated by acidification and not recrystallised: 213 °C to 217 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Passes test

Not more than 0,5 % (80 °C, 2 hours)

Not more than 0,05 %

Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

252-487-6

Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium compound of the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

C9H9O3Na

188,8

Content of ethylester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid not less than 83 % on the anhydrous basis

White, crystalline hygroscopic powder

115 °C to 118 °C, after vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator

Melting range of p-hydroxybenzoic acid derived from the sample is 213 °C to 217 °C

Passes test

9,9-10,3 (0,1 % aqueous solution)

Not more than 5 %, (by vacuum drying in a sulphuric acid desiccator)

37 to 39 %

Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

243-171-5

Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H8O3

152,15

Content not less than 99 % after drying for two hours at 80 °C

Almost odourless, small colourless crystals or white crystalline powder

125 °C - 128 °C

Melting range of p-hydroxybenzoic acid derived from the sample is 213 °C to 217 °C after drying for two hours at 80 °C

Not more than 0,5 % (80 °C, 2 hours)

Not more than 0,05 %

Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium compound of the methylester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H7O3Na

174,15

Content not less than 99,5 % on the anhydrous basis

White, hygroscopic powder

The white precipitate formed by acidifying with hydrochloric acid a 10 % (w/v) aqueous solution of the sodium derivative of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (using litmus paper as indicator) shall, when washed with water and dried at 80 °C for two hours, have a melting range of 125 °C to 128 °C

Passes test

9,7-10,3 (0,1 % solution in carbon dioxide free water)

Not more than 5 % (Karl Fischer method)

40 % to 44,5 % on the anhydrous basis

Not more than 0,35 % expressed as p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

231-195-2

Sulphur dioxide; Sulphurous acid anhydride

SO2

64,07

Content not less than 99 %

Colourless, non-flammable gas with strong pungent suffocating odour

Passes test

Not more than 0,05 % (Karl Fischer method)

Not more than 0,01 %

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 10 mg/kg

No trace

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

231-821-4

Sodium sulphite (anhydrous or heptahydrate)

Anhydrous:

Na2SO3

Na2SO37H2O

Anhydrous:

126,04

252,16

Anhydrous:

Not less than 95 % of Na2SO3 and not less than 48 % of SO2

Not less than 48 % of Na2SO3 and not less than 24 % of SO2

White crystalline powder or colourless crystals

Passes test

Passes test

8,5-11,5 (anhydrous: 10 % solution; heptahydrate: 20 % solution)

Not more than 0,1 % based on the SO2 content

Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

231-921-4

Sodium bisulphite; Sodium hydrogen sulphite

NaHSO3 in aqueous solution

104,06

Content not less than 32 % w/w NaHSO3

A clear, colourless to yellow solution

Passes test

Passes test

2,5-5,5 (10 % aqueous solution)

Not more than 10 mg/kg of Na2SO3 based on the SO2 content

Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

231-673-0

Sodium disulphite; Disodium pentaoxodisulphate

Na2S2O5

190,11

Content not less than 95 % Na2S2O5 and not less than 64 % of SO2

White crystals or crystalline powder

Passes test

Passes test

4,0-5,5 (10 % aqueous solution)

Not more than 0,1 % based on the SO2 content

Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

240-795-3

Potassium disulphite; Potassium pentaoxo disulphate

K2S2O5

222,33

Content not less than 90 % K2S2O5 and not less than 51,8 % of SO2, the remainder being composed almost entirely of potassium sulphate

Colourless crystals or white crystalline powder

Passes test

Passes test

Not more than 0,1 % based on the SO2 content

Not more than 10 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 5 mg/kg based on the SO2 content

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg