COM(2003)46 - Measures and procedures to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights

official title

 

Legal instrument	Directive
Decision making procedure	ordinary legislative procedure (COD)
reference by COM-number239	COM(2003)46
Additional COM-numbers	COM(2003)46
procedure number241	2003/0024(COD)
CELEX number242	52003PC0046

This page is also available in a full version containing the latest state of affairs, the summary of the European Parliament Legislative Observatory, the legal basis, the legal context, other dossiers related to the dossier at hand, the stakeholders involved (e.g. European Commission directorates-general, European Parliament committees, Council configurations and even individual EU Commissioners and Members of the European Parliament), consultations relevant to the dossier at hand and finally documents of the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Commission.

• 1. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 2. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 3. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/munchen.htm.
  
   
• 4. 

  OJ C 116, 28.4.1999, p. 35.
  
   
• 5. 

  OJ C 41, 7.2.2001, p. 56.
  
   
• 6. 

  COM(2000) 789 final.
  
   
• 7. 

  OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.
  
   
• 8. 

  First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks, OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.
  
   
• 9. 

  Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs, OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.
  
   
• 10. 

  Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.
  
   
• 11. 

  Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs, OJ L 122, 17.5.1991, p. 42; Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property, OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61; Council Directive 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the co-ordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission, OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15; Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights, OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9; Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.
  
   
• 12. 

  Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on resale rights for the benefit of the authors of original works of art, OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.
  
   
• 13. 

  Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
  
   
• 14. 

  Council Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1; Regulation (EEC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products, OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.
  
   
• 15. 

  Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, as last modified by Regulation (EC) No 1068/97, OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.
  
   
• 16. 

  Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, COM(2002) 92 final of 20.2.2002.
  
   
• 17. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark, OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 18. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights, OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 19. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs, OJ L 3, 5.01.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 20. 

  Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community patent, OJ C 337 E, 28.11.2000, p. 278.
  
   
• 21. 

  It took a judgment of the Court of Justice in 1995, handed down in relation to Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, for it to be fully recognised that patents are not a field reserved for the Member States, and that the Community may adopt harmonisation measures in that field (judgment of 13.7.1995 in Spain v. Council, Case C-350/92, ECR 1995, p. I-1985).
  
   
• 22. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 23. 

  Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002, OJ L 203, 1.8.2002, p. 30.
  
   
• 24. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 3295/94 of 22 December 1994 laying down certain measures to prohibit the release for free circulation, export, re-export or entry for a suspensive procedure of counterfeit and pirated goods (OJ L 341, 30.12.1994, p. 8), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 241/1999 of 25 January 1999, OJ L 27, 2.2.1999, p. 1.
  
   
• 25. 

  Council Decision 94/800/EC of 22 December 1994 concerning the conclusion on behalf of the European Community, as regards matters within its competence, of the agreements reached in the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations (1986-1994), OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 26. 

  In its Opinion 1/94 of 15 November 1994, the Court of Justice declared that the competence for concluding the TRIPS Agreements was shared between the Community and its Member States (ECR 1994, p. I-5267).
  
   
• 27. 

  Title XVIII of the EC Treaty stresses the importance of research and technological development.
  
   
• 28. 

  The importance of the cultural sector is explicitly highlighted in Article 151(4) of the EC Treaty.
  
   
• 29. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, pp. 14-15
  
   
• 30. 

  'Votre entreprise et la contrefaçon', KPMG, Sofres, Union des Fabricants, 1998.
  
   
• 31. 

  'Economic Impact of Counterfeiting in Europe', Global Anti-Counterfeiting Group, June 2000.
  
   
• 32. 

  Sixth Annual BSA Global Software.
  
   
• 33. 

  Cf. footnote 30.
  
   
• 34. 

  Cf. footnote 29.
  
   
• 35. 

  'The economic impact of counterfeiting', Anti-Counterfeiting Group, juin 1999.
  
   
• 36. 

  'The contribution of the packaged software industry to the western European economies', Business Software Alliance, May 1998.
  
   
• 37. 

  europa.int/comm/internal_market/en/ indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, page 16, para. 7.2.1.
  
   
• 38. 

  Cf. footnote 30.
  
   
• 39. 

  Cf. footnote 34.
  
   
• 40. 

  In the context of the WTO agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC), a process of gradual liberalisation was set in motion which will lead to the abolition of quantitative restrictions between WTO members by 1 January 2005.
  
   
• 41. 

  Other examples were cited in the consultation: defective medical material, detergents with caustic substances, adulterated antibiotics, carcinogenic substances in clothing, low-quality motor oil, toxic alcoholic beverages, defective household electric goods, ineffective anti-rabies vaccines, defective filters for diesel engines, etc.
  
   
• 42. 

  Council Directive 85/374/EECl of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products, OJ L 210, 7.8.1985, p. 29.
  
   
• 43. 

  Council Directive 92/59/EEC of 29 June 1992 on general product safety, OJ L 228, 11.8.1992, p. 24, currently being revised (COM(2000) 139).
  
   
• 44. 

  OJ C 124, 3.5.2000, p. 1.
  
   
• 45. 

  The European Forum for the prevention of organised and economic crime is a Commission initiative aimed at organising work on crime prevention at European level. It is a framework for networking experts and launching initiatives.
  
   
• 46. 

  Point 1.4.2 of the Commission Communication entitled "Protection of the Communities' financial interests - The fight against fraud: For an overall strategic approach", COM(2000) 358 final.
  
   
• 47. 

  Cf. footnote 19.
  
   
• 48. 

  For example, in the field of copyright: Article 7 (special measures of protection) of Directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs (cf. footnote 11); Article 12 (remedies) of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases (cf. footnote 11); Articles 6 (technological measures), 7 (rights-management information) and 8 (sanctions and remedies) of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (cf. footnote 13). In the field of industrial property: Articles 98 (sanctions) and 99 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark; Articles 89 (sanctions in actions for infringement) and 90 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 6/2002 on Community designs.
  
   
• 49. 

  HR 23.2.1990, NJ 1990, 464m. nt. DWFV (Hameco) and following decisions.
  
   
• 50. 

  Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd.
   
• 51. 

  Universal City Studios Inc. v. Mukhtar
   
• 52. 

  Art. 25(1) of the British rules of civil procedure.
  
   
• 53. 

  Mareva Compania Naviera SA v. International Bulk Carriers SA
   
• 54. 

  Articles L-332-1, L-521-1, L-615-5 and L-716-7 of the code of intellectual property.
  
   
• 55. 

  Art. 289 of the code of civil procedure. The Court of Justice has had occasion to confirm the nature of this procedure as a provisional measure within the meaning of Article 50 of the TRIPS Agreement (Hermès judgment of 16 June 1998, Case C-53/96, ECR 1998, p. I-3603).
  
   
• 56. 

  In this context, the recent trend in German case law towards setting more dissuasive damages should be noted. Called upon to judge a case involving the counterfeiting of designs, the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH), in a judgment of 2.11.2000, considered that the overheads could no longer be deducted from the profits made by the counterfeiter, thereby overturning case law dating from 1962 (I ZR 246/98).
  
   
• 57. 

  Art. 1382 of the civil code.
  
   
• 58. 

  See in particular paragraph 19 of the German trade mark law.
  
   
• 59. 

  Art. 13 bis, paragraph 4, of the Benelux law on trade marks.
  
   
• 60. 

  Judgment Javico v. Yves Saint Laurent of 28 April 1998, Case C-306/96 (ECR, p. I-1983 25).
  
   
• 61. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 62. 

  Cf. the Directives cited in footnotes 8 to 12.
  
   
• 63. 

  Opinion 1/94, Powers of the Community to conclude international agreements in the field of services and the protection of intellectual property, 15.11.1994, ECR p. I-5267, and Case C-350-92, Kingdom of Spain v. Council, 13.7.1995, ECR p. I-1985.
  
   
• 64. 

  Judgment in Netherlands v. Parliament and Council of 9 October 2001, Case C-377/98. The Court concluded that:
  
   
• 65. 

  See in particular the judgments of the ECJ in Nunes and de Matos of 8 July 1999, Case C-186/98 (ECR 1999, p. I-4883), Hansen of 10 July 1990, Case C-326/88 (ECR 1990, p. I-2911) and Commission v. Greece of 21 September 1989, Case 68/88 (ECR 1989, p. 2965).
  
   
• 66. 

  See in particular the Unilever judgment of the ECJ handed down on 28 January 1999 in Case C-77/97 (ECR 1999, p. I-431), in which the Court stated, with regard to Directive 76/768/EEC, as amended, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products, that 'the measures which the Member States are required to take under Article 6(3) of Directive 76/768 in order to prevent advertisements which attribute to cosmetic products characteristics which those products lack must provide that such advertisements constitute a breach of the law and, in particular, a criminal offence punishable by penalties having a deterrent effect.'
  
   
• 67. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 160 of 30/06/2000, p. 37); Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p. 1); Council Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on co-operation between the courts of the Member States in the taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p. 1); Council Decision 2001/470/EC of 28 May 2001 establishing a European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p. 25).
  
   
• 68. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 69. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 70. 

  Cf. footnote 1.
  
   
• 71. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 72. 

  OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.
  
   
• 73. 

  Cf. footnote 2.
  
   
• 74. 

  OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.
  
   
• 75. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 76. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 77. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 78. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 79. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 80. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 81. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 82. 

  OJ C
   
• 83. 

  OJ C
   
• 84. 

  OJ C
   
• 85. 

  OJ C
   
• 86. 

  OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 87. 

  OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
  
   
• 88. 

  OJ L 13, 19.1.2000, p. 12.
  
   
• 89. 

  OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.
  
   
• 90. 

  OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
  
   
• 91. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 92. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 93. 

  OJ L 24, 27.1.1987, p. 36.
  
   
• 94. 

  OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.
  
   
• 95. 

  OJ L 160, 12.6.1989, p. 1.
  
   
• 96. 

  OJ L 105, 25.4.1990, p. 9.
  
   
• 97. 

  OJ L122, 17.5.1991, p. 42.
  
   
• 98. 

  OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61.
  
   
• 99. 

  OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15.
  
   
• 100. 

  OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9.
  
   
• 101. 

  OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.
  
   
• 102. 

  OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.
  
   
• 103. 

  OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.
  
   
• 104. 

  OJ L 179, 14.7.1999, p. 1.
  
   
• 105. 

  OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
  
   
• 106. 

  OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.
  
   
• 107. 

  OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1.
  
   
• 108. 

  OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.
  
   
• 109. 

  OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.
  
   
• 110. 

  OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 111. 

  OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 112. 

  OJ L 3, 5.1.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 113. 

  Cf. footnote 4.
  
   
• 114. 

  Cf. footnote 1.
  
   
• 115. 

  Cf. footnote 2.
  
   
• 116. 

  Cf. footnote 5.
  
   
• 117. 

  Cf. footnote 4.
  
   
• 118. 

  Cf. footnote 3.
  
   
• 119. 

  Cf. footnote 6.
  
   
• 120. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 121. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 122. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/munchen.htm.
  
   
• 123. 

  OJ C 116, 28.4.1999, p. 35.
  
   
• 124. 

  OJ C 41, 7.2.2001, p. 56.
  
   
• 125. 

  COM(2000) 789 final.
  
   
• 126. 

  OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.
  
   
• 127. 

  First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks, OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.
  
   
• 128. 

  Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs, OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.
  
   
• 129. 

  Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.
  
   
• 130. 

  Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs, OJ L 122, 17.5.1991, p. 42; Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property, OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61; Council Directive 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the co-ordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission, OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15; Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights, OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9; Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.
  
   
• 131. 

  Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on resale rights for the benefit of the authors of original works of art, OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.
  
   
• 132. 

  Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
  
   
• 133. 

  Council Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1; Regulation (EEC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products, OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.
  
   
• 134. 

  Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, as last modified by Regulation (EC) No 1068/97, OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.
  
   
• 135. 

  Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, COM(2002) 92 final of 20.2.2002.
  
   
• 136. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark, OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 137. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights, OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 138. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs, OJ L 3, 5.01.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 139. 

  Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community patent, OJ C 337 E, 28.11.2000, p. 278.
  
   
• 140. 

  It took a judgment of the Court of Justice in 1995, handed down in relation to Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, for it to be fully recognised that patents are not a field reserved for the Member States, and that the Community may adopt harmonisation measures in that field (judgment of 13.7.1995 in Spain v. Council, Case C-350/92, ECR 1995, p. I-1985).
  
   
• 141. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 142. 

  Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002, OJ L 203, 1.8.2002, p. 30.
  
   
• 143. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 3295/94 of 22 December 1994 laying down certain measures to prohibit the release for free circulation, export, re-export or entry for a suspensive procedure of counterfeit and pirated goods (OJ L 341, 30.12.1994, p.
  
  8), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 241/1999 of 25 January 1999, OJ L 27, 2.2.1999, p. 1.
  
   
• 144. 

  Council Decision 94/800/EC of 22 December 1994 concerning the conclusion on behalf of the European Community, as regards matters within its competence, of the agreements reached in the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations (1986-1994), OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 145. 

  In its Opinion 1/94 of 15 November 1994, the Court of Justice declared that the competence for concluding the TRIPS Agreements was shared between the Community and its Member States (ECR 1994, p. I-5267).
  
   
• 146. 

  Title XVIII of the EC Treaty stresses the importance of research and technological development.
  
   
• 147. 

  The importance of the cultural sector is explicitly highlighted in Article 151(4) of the EC Treaty.
  
   
• 148. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, pp. 14-15
  
   
• 149. 

  'Votre entreprise et la contrefaçon', KPMG, Sofres, Union des Fabricants, 1998.
  
   
• 150. 

  'Economic Impact of Counterfeiting in Europe', Global Anti-Counterfeiting Group, June 2000.
  
   
• 151. 

  Sixth Annual BSA Global Software.
  
   
• 152. 

  Cf. footnote 30.
  
   
• 153. 

  Cf. footnote 29.
  
   
• 154. 

  'The economic impact of counterfeiting', Anti-Counterfeiting Group, juin 1999.
  
   
• 155. 

  'The contribution of the packaged software industry to the western European economies', Business Software Alliance, May 1998.
  
   
• 156. 

  europa.int/comm/internal_market/en/ indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, page 16, para. 7.2.1.
  
   
• 157. 

  Cf. footnote 30.
  
   
• 158. 

  Cf. footnote 34.
  
   
• 159. 

  In the context of the WTO agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC), a process of gradual liberalisation was set in motion which will lead to the abolition of quantitative restrictions between WTO members by 1 January 2005.
  
   
• 160. 

  Other examples were cited in the consultation: defective medical material, detergents with caustic substances, adulterated antibiotics, carcinogenic substances in clothing, low-quality motor oil, toxic alcoholic beverages, defective household electric goods, ineffective anti-rabies vaccines, defective filters for diesel engines, etc.
  
   
• 161. 

  Council Directive 85/374/EECl of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products, OJ L 210, 7.8.1985, p. 29.
  
   
• 162. 

  Council Directive 92/59/EEC of 29 June 1992 on general product safety, OJ L 228, 11.8.1992, p. 24, currently being revised (COM(2000) 139).
  
   
• 163. 

  OJ C 124, 3.5.2000, p. 1.
  
   
• 164. 

  The European Forum for the prevention of organised and economic crime is a Commission initiative aimed at organising work on crime prevention at European level. It is a framework for networking experts and launching initiatives.
  
   
• 165. 

  Point 1.4.2 of the Commission Communication entitled "Protection of the Communities' financial interests - The fight against fraud: For an overall strategic approach", COM(2000) 358 final.
  
   
• 166. 

  Cf. footnote 19.
  
   
• 167. 

  For example, in the field of copyright: Article 7 (special measures of protection) of Directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs (cf. footnote 11); Article 12 (remedies) of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases (cf. footnote 11); Articles 6 (technological measures), 7 (rights-management information) and 8 (sanctions and remedies) of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (cf. footnote 13). In the field of industrial property: Articles 98 (sanctions) and 99 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark; Articles 89 (sanctions in actions for infringement) and 90 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 6/2002 on Community designs.
  
   
• 168. 

  HR 23.2.1990, NJ 1990, 464m. nt. DWFV (Hameco) and following decisions.
  
   
• 169. 

  Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd.
   
• 170. 

  Universal City Studios Inc. v. Mukhtar
   
• 171. 

  Art. 25(1) of the British rules of civil procedure.
  
   
• 172. 

  Mareva Compania Naviera SA v. International Bulk Carriers SA
   
• 173. 

  Articles L-332-1, L-521-1, L-615-5 and L-716-7 of the code of intellectual property.
  
   
• 174. 

  Art. 289 of the code of civil procedure. The Court of Justice has had occasion to confirm the nature of this procedure as a provisional measure within the meaning of Article 50 of the TRIPS Agreement (Hermès judgment of 16 June 1998, Case C-53/96, ECR 1998, p. I-3603).
  
   
• 175. 

  In this context, the recent trend in German case law towards setting more dissuasive damages should be noted. Called upon to judge a case involving the counterfeiting of designs, the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH), in a judgment of 2.11.2000, considered that the overheads could no longer be deducted from the profits made by the counterfeiter, thereby overturning case law dating from 1962 (I ZR 246/98).
  
   
• 176. 

  Art. 1382 of the civil code.
  
   
• 177. 

  See in particular paragraph 19 of the German trade mark law.
  
   
• 178. 

  Art. 13 bis, paragraph 4, of the Benelux law on trade marks.
  
   
• 179. 

  Judgment Javico v. Yves Saint Laurent of 28 April 1998, Case C-306/96 (ECR, p. I-1983 25).
  
   
• 180. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 181. 

  Cf. the Directives cited in footnotes 8 to 12.
  
   
• 182. 

  Opinion 1/94, Powers of the Community to conclude international agreements in the field of services and the protection of intellectual property, 15.11.1994, ECR p. I-5267, and Case C-350-92, Kingdom of Spain v. Council, 13.7.1995, ECR p. I-1985.
  
   
• 183. 

  Judgment in Netherlands v. Parliament and Council of 9 October 2001, Case C-377/98. The Court concluded that:
  
   
• 184. 

  See in particular the judgments of the ECJ in Nunes and de Matos of 8 July 1999, Case C-186/98 (ECR 1999, p. I-4883), Hansen of 10 July 1990, Case C-326/88 (ECR 1990, p. I-2911) and Commission v. Greece of 21 September 1989, Case 68/88 (ECR 1989, p. 2965).
  
   
• 185. 

  See in particular the Unilever judgment of the ECJ handed down on 28 January 1999 in Case C-77/97 (ECR 1999, p. I-431), in which the Court stated, with regard to Directive 76/768/EEC, as amended, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products, that 'the measures which the Member States are required to take under Article 6(3) of Directive 76/768 in order to prevent advertisements which attribute to cosmetic products characteristics which those products lack must provide that such advertisements constitute a breach of the law and, in particular, a criminal offence punishable by penalties having a deterrent effect.'
  
   
• 186. 

  Council Regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 160 of 30/06/2000, p. 37); Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p.
  
  1); Council Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on co-operation between the courts of the Member States in the taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p.
  
  1); Council Decision 2001/470/EC of 28 May 2001 establishing a European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p. 25).
  
   
• 187. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 188. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 189. 

  Cf. footnote 1.
  
   
• 190. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 191. 

  OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.
  
   
• 192. 

  Cf. footnote 2.
  
   
• 193. 

  OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.
  
   
• 194. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 195. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 196. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 197. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 198. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 199. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 200. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 201. 

  OJ C
   
• 202. 

  OJ C
   
• 203. 

  OJ C
   
• 204. 

  OJ C
   
• 205. 

  OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 206. 

  OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
  
   
• 207. 

  OJ L 13, 19.1.2000, p. 12.
  
   
• 208. 

  OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.
  
   
• 209. 

  OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
  
   
• 210. 

  europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.
  
   
• 211. 

  COM(98) 569 final.
  
   
• 212. 

  OJ L 24, 27.1.1987, p. 36.
  
   
• 213. 

  OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.
  
   
• 214. 

  OJ L 160, 12.6.1989, p. 1.
  
   
• 215. 

  OJ L 105, 25.4.1990, p. 9.
  
   
• 216. 

  OJ L122, 17.5.1991, p. 42.
  
   
• 217. 

  OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61.
  
   
• 218. 

  OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15.
  
   
• 219. 

  OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9.
  
   
• 220. 

  OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.
  
   
• 221. 

  OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.
  
   
• 222. 

  OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.
  
   
• 223. 

  OJ L 179, 14.7.1999, p. 1.
  
   
• 224. 

  OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.
  
   
• 225. 

  OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.
  
   
• 226. 

  OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1.
  
   
• 227. 

  OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.
  
   
• 228. 

  OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.
  
   
• 229. 

  OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 230. 

  OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.
  
   
• 231. 

  OJ L 3, 5.1.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 232. 

  Cf. footnote 4.
  
   
• 233. 

  Cf. footnote 1.
  
   
• 234. 

  Cf. footnote 2.
  
   
• 235. 

  Cf. footnote 5.
  
   
• 236. 

  Cf. footnote 4.
  
   
• 237. 

  Cf. footnote 3.
  
   
• 238. 

  Cf. footnote 6.
  
   
• 239. 

  De Europese Commissie kent nummers toe aan officiële documenten van de Europese Unie. De Commissie maakt onderscheid in een aantal typen documenten door middel van het toekennen van verschillende nummerseries. Het onderscheid is gebaseerd op het soort document en/of de instelling van de Unie van wie het document afkomstig is.
   
• 240. 

  De Raad van de Europese Unie kent aan wetgevingsdossiers een uniek toe. Dit nummer bestaat uit een vijfcijferig volgnummer gevolgd door een schuine streep met de laatste twee cijfers van het jaartal, bijvoorbeeld 12345/00 - een document met nummer 12345 uit het jaar 2000.
   
• 241. 

  Het interinstitutionele nummer is een nummerreeks die binnen de Europese Unie toegekend wordt aan voorstellen voor regelgeving van de Europese Commissie.
  Binnen de Europese Unie worden nog een aantal andere nummerseries gebruikt. Iedere instelling heeft één of meerdere sets documenten met ieder een eigen nummering. Die reeksen komen niet overeen met elkaar of het interinstitutioneel nummer.
   
• 242. 

  Deze databank van de Europese Unie biedt de mogelijkheid de actuele werkzaamheden (workflow) van de Europese instellingen (Europees Parlement, Raad, ESC, Comité van de Regio's, Europese Centrale Bank, Hof van Justitie enz.) te volgen. EURlex volgt alle voorstellen (zoals wetgevende en begrotingsdossiers) en mededelingen van de Commissie, vanaf het moment dat ze aan de Raad of het Europees Parlement worden voorgelegd.
   
• 243. 

  Als dag van bekendmaking van een Europees besluit geldt de dag waarop het besluit in het Publicatieblad wordt bekendgemaakt, en daardoor in alle officiële talen van de Europese Unie bij het Publicatiebureau beschikbaar is.
   
• 244. 

  This legally binding act of the European Union establishes a set of objectives which all member states of the European Union must fulfil. The member states are required to implement directives. The member states are free to choose the manner they see fit to fulfil the required objectives.