COM(2003)723 - Batteries and accumulators and spent batteries and accumulators [SEC(2003)1343]

official title

 

Legal instrument	Directive
Decision making procedure	ordinary legislative procedure (COD)
reference by COM-number239	COM(2003)723
Additional COM-numbers	SEC(2003)1343; COM(2005)378; COM(2006)17
procedure number241	2003/0282(COD)
CELEX number242	52003PC0723

This page is also available in a full version containing the latest state of affairs, the summary of the European Parliament Legislative Observatory, the legal basis, the legal context, other dossiers related to the dossier at hand, the stakeholders involved (e.g. European Commission directorates-general, European Parliament committees, Council configurations and even individual EU Commissioners and Members of the European Parliament), consultations relevant to the dossier at hand and finally documents of the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Commission.

• 1. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 2. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence, July 2003.
  
   
• 3. 

  General- purpose batteries are typically used in clocks, portable audio and devices, torches, toys and cameras.
  
   
• 4. 

  Button cells are small round batteries or accumulators, with diameter greater than height, used for special devices such as hearing aids, watches and small portable equipment.
  
   
• 5. 

  Portable rechargeable batteries are typically used in cordless and cellular phones, power tools, emergency lighting, laptops and household appliances.
  
   
• 6. 

  See also EPBA's web site: www.epba-europe.org/ .
  
   
• 7. 

  See also EUROBAT's web site: www.eurobat.org/ .
  
   
• 8. 

  The remaining 2% comprises NiMH and other battery types.
  
   
• 9. 

  OJ L 78, 26.3.1991, p. 38.
  
   
• 10. 

  OJ L 1, 5.1.1999, p. 1, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances.
  
   
• 11. 

  OJ L 264, 23.10.93, p. 51, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances.
  
   
• 12. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence, July 2003.
  
   
• 13. 

  OJ C 76, 11.03.1997, p. 1.
  
   
• 14. 

  OJ L 242, 10.9.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 15. 

  See Article 8 (1) third and fourth indent of the 6EAP.
  
   
• 16. 

  See Article 8(2) fourth indent of the 6EAP.
  
   
• 17. 

  See Article 2 of Directive 91/157/EEC.
  
   
• 18. 

  www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/ documents/summit_docs/2309_planfinal.htm in particular paragraph 21.
  
   
• 19. 

  Communication from the Commission 'Towards a thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste' of 27.05.2003, COM(2003) 301final.
  
   
• 20. 

  Communication from the Commission 'Integrated Product Policy', COM(2003)302 final of 18.6.2003.
  
   
• 21. 

  OJ L 269/34, 21.10.2000.
  
   
• 22. 

  OJ L 37/24, 13.02.2003.
  
   
• 23. 

  OJ L37/19 of 13.02.2003.
  
   
• 24. 

  Recital 11.
  
   
• 25. 

  O.J. L 269/34 of 21.10.2000
  
   
• 26. 

  OJ, L 170/81, 29.6.2002.
  
   
• 27. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence, July 2003.
  
   
• 28. 

  See Commission Communication COM(2002)275final of 6.6.2002: 'European Governance: better lawmaking'.
  
   
• 29. 

  Commission Decision of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste, OJ L 226/3 of 06.09.2000.
  
   
• 30. 

  OJ L 196 , 16.8.1967, p. 1.
  
   
• 31. 

  See Global Mercury Assessment, United Nations Environmental Programme, Chemicals; Geneva, Switzerland, December 2002.
  
   
• 32. 

  Inorganic mercury which is spread in the water is transformed to methylated mercury in the sediments at the bottoms. Methylated mercury easily accumulates in living organisms and becomes concentrated through the food chain via fish. Methylated mercury has chronic effects and causes damage to the brain.
  
   
• 33. 

  Emission Inventory Guidebook, December 2000.
  
   
• 34. 

  See press release of 5 June 2002 of the Bundeskartellamt, www.umweltbundesamt.de/
   
• 35. 

  See Risk Assessment, Cadmium oxide / Cadmium metal; Final Draft, July 2003 ecb.jrc.it/php-pgm/
   
• 36. 

  OJ L 224/34 of 3.9.1993.
  
   
• 37. 

  Substance which should be regarded as if it is carcinogenic to man.
  
   
• 38. 

  Substance which cause concern for man owing to possible mutagenic effects.
  
   
• 39. 

  Substance which cause concern for human fertility / substance which cause concern for humans owing to possible developmental toxic effects.
  
   
• 40. 

  Targeted Risk Assessment (TRAR) on the use of cadmium oxide in batteries, draft final report May 2003, page 67. This report states that the final contribution to the overall cadmium content is dependent on the weight distribution of the different waste components.
  
   
• 41. 

  TRAR on the use of cadmium oxide in batteries, draft final report May 2003, page 28.
  
   
• 42. 

  See report 'Risks to Health and the Environment related to the Use of Lead in Products'; TNO report STB-01-39 (Finals) europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/ chemicals/legislation/markrestr/studies/lead.pdf.
  
   
• 43. 

  Substance known to cause developmental toxicity in humans.
  
   
• 44. 

  Substance which cause concern for humans owing to possible developmental toxic effects.
  
   
• 45. 

  See, Lead Industry Profile at the on-line lead fact book, Icon 2001; www.ldaint.org/factbook/ factbookch3.htm.
  
   
• 46. 

  European Enviromental Agency, Environmental Signals 2002.
  
   
• 47. 

  'EU focus on waste management', European Commission, DG Environment, August 1999.
  
   
• 48. 

  OJ L 182/1 of 1.7.1999.
  
   
• 49. 

  OJ L 332/91 of 28.12.2000.
  
   
• 50. 

  Leachate is generated as a result of the expulsion of liquid from the waste due to its own weight or compaction loading ('primary leachate') and the percolation of water through a landfill ('secondary leachate'). The source of percolating water could be precipitation, irrigation, groundwater or leachate recirculated through the landfill.
  
   
• 51. 

  Targeted Risk Assessment Report (TRAR), draft final report of May 2003, carried out by Belgium within the framework of Regulation 793/93/EEC.
  
   
• 52. 

  The SCTEE will give its opinion to the European Commission on the overall scientific quality of the report.
  
   
• 53. 

  See TRAR, draft final report of May 2003, page 133. The following assumptions are made: portable NiCd batteries account for 10-50 % of the total MSW cadmium content, the total cadmium content of MSW on dry weight basis equal 10 g/tonne, and 24.4 % of the sprnt portable nickel-cadmium batteries anre sent to incineration activities and 75.6 % to landfill activities.
  
   
• 54. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for the Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 55. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for the Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 56. 

  TRAR, Final Draft May 2003, page 7. Furthermore, the TRAR itself also indicates the following lack of methodologies to assess certain impacts: 'neither the delayed cadmium emissions of the re-use of incineration residues not the impact of future expected increase in cadmium content of bottom ash and fly ash on the re-usability of these incineration residues have been quantified' (page 6) and 'the contamination of the groundwater compartment due to fugitive emissions of landfills have not been quantified in this TRAR since no guidance is available to perform these calculations' (page 7).
  
   
• 57. 

  In the UK, for example, collected industrial NiCd batteries are disposed of in landfills (see 'Analysis of the Environmental Impacts and Financial Costs of a Possible New Directive on Batteries', ERM 2000). In Sweden all alkaline manganese and zinc carbon batteries are put in landfills after collection. In Germany approximately 30% of the portable batteries collected separately are sent to landfills.
  
   
• 58. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for the Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 59. 

  See: www.ebrarecycling.org/ArticlesPDF/ pressreleases/EBRApressrelease4-6.pdf.
  
   
• 60. 

  Compare for example the metallic content of a zinc ore (15%) with the zinc content of batteries (20%).
  
   
• 61. 

  Life Cycle Inventory of Recycling Portable Nickel-Cadmium Batteries, Rydh, C.J., Karlström, M. (2002), Resources, Conservation and Recycling, No. 34, p. 289-309.
  
   
• 62. 

  Metaller, materialflöden i samhället, Naturwardsverket, rapport 4506, p. 27.
  
   
• 63. 

  According to the Communication from the Commission on Impact Assessment, impact assessments should be used to identify the likely positive and negative impacts of proposed policy action, enabling informed political judgements to be made about the proposal and identifying the trade-offs in achieving competing objectives. The impact assessment should be conducted on the basis of the 'principle of proportionate analysis', i.e. the depth of the analysis must be proportionate to the significance of the likely impacts (COM(2002) 276 final.)
  
   
• 64. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 65. 

  TRAR on the use of cadmium oxide in batteries, draft final report May 2003.
  
   
• 66. 

  This is why several Member States (Austria, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Sweden) have already moved from a dedicated battery collection scheme (as required by Directive 91/157/EEC) to an all battery collection scheme. An all battery collection scheme has also been advocated by EPBA since 1997 with the adoption of their two step plan ("Two Steps Towards a Better Environment", EPBA November 1997).
  
   
• 67. 

  Stakeholders submitted that there is no link with the annual battery sales because of the longer life span of batteries (up to 15 years) and the hoarding behaviour of consumers (consumers tend to keep their batteries at home, even after the use-phase). This calculation method is favoured by EPBA.
  
   
• 68. 

  See Articles 6, fourth indent and Article 7, paragraph 1 of Directive 91/157/EC as amended.
  
   
• 69. 

  'Rechargeable Battery Management and Recycling: A Green Design Educational Module', Rebecca Lankey and Francis McMichael, 1999.
  
   
• 70. 

  'Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling Portable Nickel-Cadmium Batteries', Carl Johan Rydh and Magnus Karlström, 2002.
  
   
• 71. 

  According to Bio Intelligence, this is the percentage of recoverable materials in NiCd batteries. (see 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003, p. 59). EBRA's proposal is to set a minimum recycling of 70% by weight of nickel-cadmium batteries. With industry practices, it is estimated that up to 80% of the average weight of industrial NiCd batteries is recycled.
  
   
• 72. 

  'Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead-acid batteries for stationary energy storage', C.J. Rydh, Journal of Power Sources, 80 (1999), 21-29.
  
   
• 73. 

  See EBRA's position paper of 25 April 2003 submitted within the framework of the stakeholder consultation.
  
   
• 74. 

  In 2002, Austria collected 44% of the annual sales at a cost of EUR 1,115EUR/tonne and Belgium collected 59% of the annual sales at a cost of EUR 3,765EUR/tonne.
  
   
• 75. 

  See 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003, page 133 in a high cost scenario with a recycling input target of at least 90%.
  
   
• 76. 

  Assuming that a collection rate of 160- 200 grams per inhabitant would require an additional collection of 50.000 tonnes of portable batteries.
  
   
• 77. 

  Compare with EPBA (July 2003) which estimates that a collection of 40.000 tonnes would result in a potential cost of EUR 43 million per year.
  
   
• 78. 

  See 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 79. 

  See 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003. Bio Intelligence final report of July 2003.
  
   
• 80. 

  Comparing the range of the net recycling costs of EUR 0- EUR 300 per tonne with a costs of EUR 120 per tonne for landfilling, see also 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003. Bio Intelligence final report of July 2003.
  
   
• 81. 

  This principle only applies to areas which do not fall within the Communities' exclusive competence.
  
   
• 82. 

  See Article 5 of the EC Treaty.
  
   
• 83. 

  COM(2003) 203final of 18.6.2003.
  
   
• 84. 

  COM(97)009 final.
  
   
• 85. 

  Another indicator of this could be the Power Purchasing Parities (PPP).
  
   
• 86. 

  In this context, the principles laid down in the Communication from the Commission on the Single Market and the Environment, COM (1999)263, have been taken into account.
  
   
• 87. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 88. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 89. 

  OJ C......
  
   
• 90. 

  OJ C......
  
   
• 91. 

  OJ C......
  
   
• 92. 

  Opinion of the European Parliament of .. .. ... (OJ C .......), common position of the Council of .. . .. (OJ C .....) and Decision of the European Parliament of .. .. .... (OJ C ......). .....
  
   
• 93. 

  COM(96)399 final, 30.7.1996.
  
   
• 94. 

  OJ L 78, 26.3.1991, p. 38. Directive amended by Commission Directive 98/101/EC (OJ L 1, 5.1.1999, p. 1) and adapted to technical progress by Commission Directive 93/86/EEC of 4 October 1993 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC (OJ L 264, 23.10.1993,51).
  
   
• 95. 

  OJ L 242, 10.9.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 96. 

  OJ L 37/24, 13.02.2003, recital 11.
  
   
• 97. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 98. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 99. 

  OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.
  
   
• 100. 

  OJ L 269, 21.10.2000, p. 34.
  
   
• 101. 

  OJ L 37/24 of 13.2.2003.
  
   
• 102. 

  OJ L 37 13.2.2003, p.24.
  
   
• 103. 

  OJ L 144, 4.6.1997, p. 19.
  
   
• 104. 

  OJ L, 322 of 9.11.2002.
  
   
• 105. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 106. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 107. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 108. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 109. 

  OJ L 30, 6.2.1993, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation 2557/2001/EC, OJ L 349, 31.12.2001, p. 1.
  
   
• 110. 

  OJ L 166, 1.7.1999, p. 6. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation 2243/2001/EC, OJ L 303, 20.11.2001, p. 11.
  
   
• 111. 

  OJ L 185, 17.7.1999, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation 2243/2001/EC.
  
   
• 112. 

  OJ L 114, 24.04.2001, p.1.
  
   
• 113. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 114. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 115. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 116. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 117. 

  OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 48.
  
   
• 118. 

  See also EPBA's web site: www.epba-europe.org/ .
  
   
• 119. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 120. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 121. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence, July 2003.
  
   
• 122. 

  General- purpose batteries are typically used in clocks, portable audio and devices, torches, toys and cameras.
  
   
• 123. 

  Button cells are small round batteries or accumulators, with diameter greater than height, used for special devices such as hearing aids, watches and small portable equipment.
  
   
• 124. 

  Portable rechargeable batteries are typically used in cordless and cellular phones, power tools, emergency lighting, laptops and household appliances.
  
   
• 125. 

  See also EPBA's web site: www.epba-europe.org/ .
  
   
• 126. 

  See also EUROBAT's web site: www.eurobat.org/ .
  
   
• 127. 

  The remaining 2% comprises NiMH and other battery types.
  
   
• 128. 

  OJ L 78, 26.3.1991, p. 38.
  
   
• 129. 

  OJ L 1, 5.1.1999, p. 1, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances.
  
   
• 130. 

  OJ L 264, 23.10.93, p. 51, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances.
  
   
• 131. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence, July 2003.
  
   
• 132. 

  OJ C 76, 11.03.1997, p. 1.
  
   
• 133. 

  OJ L 242, 10.9.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 134. 

  See Article 8 (1) third and fourth indent of the 6EAP.
  
   
• 135. 

  See Article 8(2) fourth indent of the 6EAP.
  
   
• 136. 

  See Article 2 of Directive 91/157/EEC.
  
   
• 137. 

  www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/ documents/summit_docs/2309_planfinal.htm in particular paragraph 21.
  
   
• 138. 

  Communication from the Commission 'Towards a thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste' of 27.05.2003, COM(2003) 301final.
  
   
• 139. 

  Communication from the Commission 'Integrated Product Policy', COM(2003)302 final of 18.6.2003.
  
   
• 140. 

  OJ L 269/34, 21.10.2000.
  
   
• 141. 

  OJ L 37/24, 13.02.2003.
  
   
• 142. 

  OJ L37/19 of 13.02.2003.
  
   
• 143. 

  Recital 11.
  
   
• 144. 

  O.J. L 269/34 of 21.10.2000
  
   
• 145. 

  OJ, L 170/81, 29.6.2002.
  
   
• 146. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence, July 2003.
  
   
• 147. 

  See Commission Communication COM(2002)275final of 6.6.2002: 'European Governance: better lawmaking'.
  
   
• 148. 

  Commission Decision of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste, OJ L 226/3 of 06.09.2000.
  
   
• 149. 

  OJ L 196 , 16.8.1967, p. 1.
  
   
• 150. 

  See Global Mercury Assessment, United Nations Environmental Programme, Chemicals; Geneva, Switzerland, December 2002.
  
   
• 151. 

  Inorganic mercury which is spread in the water is transformed to methylated mercury in the sediments at the bottoms. Methylated mercury easily accumulates in living organisms and becomes concentrated through the food chain via fish. Methylated mercury has chronic effects and causes damage to the brain.
  
   
• 152. 

  Emission Inventory Guidebook, December 2000.
  
   
• 153. 

  See press release of 5 June 2002 of the Bundeskartellamt, www.umweltbundesamt.de/
   
• 154. 

  See Risk Assessment, Cadmium oxide / Cadmium metal; Final Draft, July 2003 ecb.jrc.it/php-pgm/
   
• 155. 

  OJ L 224/34 of 3.9.1993.
  
   
• 156. 

  Substance which should be regarded as if it is carcinogenic to man.
  
   
• 157. 

  Substance which cause concern for man owing to possible mutagenic effects.
  
   
• 158. 

  Substance which cause concern for human fertility / substance which cause concern for humans owing to possible developmental toxic effects.
  
   
• 159. 

  Targeted Risk Assessment (TRAR) on the use of cadmium oxide in batteries, draft final report May 2003, page 67. This report states that the final contribution to the overall cadmium content is dependent on the weight distribution of the different waste components.
  
   
• 160. 

  TRAR on the use of cadmium oxide in batteries, draft final report May 2003, page 28.
  
   
• 161. 

  See report 'Risks to Health and the Environment related to the Use of Lead in Products'; TNO report STB-01-39 (Finals) europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/ chemicals/legislation/markrestr/studies/lead.pdf.
  
   
• 162. 

  Substance known to cause developmental toxicity in humans.
  
   
• 163. 

  Substance which cause concern for humans owing to possible developmental toxic effects.
  
   
• 164. 

  See, Lead Industry Profile at the on-line lead fact book, Icon 2001; www.ldaint.org/factbook/ factbookch3.htm.
  
   
• 165. 

  European Enviromental Agency, Environmental Signals 2002.
  
   
• 166. 

  'EU focus on waste management', European Commission, DG Environment, August 1999.
  
   
• 167. 

  OJ L 182/1 of 1.7.1999.
  
   
• 168. 

  OJ L 332/91 of 28.12.2000.
  
   
• 169. 

  Leachate is generated as a result of the expulsion of liquid from the waste due to its own weight or compaction loading ('primary leachate') and the percolation of water through a landfill ('secondary leachate'). The source of percolating water could be precipitation, irrigation, groundwater or leachate recirculated through the landfill.
  
   
• 170. 

  Targeted Risk Assessment Report (TRAR), draft final report of May 2003, carried out by Belgium within the framework of Regulation 793/93/EEC.
  
   
• 171. 

  The SCTEE will give its opinion to the European Commission on the overall scientific quality of the report.
  
   
• 172. 

  See TRAR, draft final report of May 2003, page 133. The following assumptions are made: portable NiCd batteries account for 10-50 % of the total MSW cadmium content, the total cadmium content of MSW on dry weight basis equal 10 g/tonne, and 24.4 % of the sprnt portable nickel-cadmium batteries anre sent to incineration activities and 75.6 % to landfill activities.
  
   
• 173. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for the Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 174. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for the Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 175. 

  TRAR, Final Draft May 2003, page 7. Furthermore, the TRAR itself also indicates the following lack of methodologies to assess certain impacts: 'neither the delayed cadmium emissions of the re-use of incineration residues not the impact of future expected increase in cadmium content of bottom ash and fly ash on the re-usability of these incineration residues have been quantified' (page 6) and 'the contamination of the groundwater compartment due to fugitive emissions of landfills have not been quantified in this TRAR since no guidance is available to perform these calculations' (page 7).
  
   
• 176. 

  In the UK, for example, collected industrial NiCd batteries are disposed of in landfills (see 'Analysis of the Environmental Impacts and Financial Costs of a Possible New Directive on Batteries', ERM 2000). In Sweden all alkaline manganese and zinc carbon batteries are put in landfills after collection. In Germany approximately 30% of the portable batteries collected separately are sent to landfills.
  
   
• 177. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for the Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 178. 

  See: www.ebrarecycling.org/ArticlesPDF/ pressreleases/EBRApressrelease4-6.pdf.
  
   
• 179. 

  Compare for example the metallic content of a zinc ore (15%) with the zinc content of batteries (20%).
  
   
• 180. 

  Life Cycle Inventory of Recycling Portable Nickel-Cadmium Batteries, Rydh, C.J., Karlström, M. (2002), Resources, Conservation and Recycling, No. 34, p. 289-309.
  
   
• 181. 

  Metaller, materialflöden i samhället, Naturwardsverket, rapport 4506, p. 27.
  
   
• 182. 

  According to the Communication from the Commission on Impact Assessment, impact assessments should be used to identify the likely positive and negative impacts of proposed policy action, enabling informed political judgements to be made about the proposal and identifying the trade-offs in achieving competing objectives. The impact assessment should be conducted on the basis of the 'principle of proportionate analysis', i.e. the depth of the analysis must be proportionate to the significance of the likely impacts (COM(2002) 276 final.)
  
   
• 183. 

  'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 184. 

  TRAR on the use of cadmium oxide in batteries, draft final report May 2003.
  
   
• 185. 

  This is why several Member States (Austria, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Sweden) have already moved from a dedicated battery collection scheme (as required by Directive 91/157/EEC) to an all battery collection scheme. An all battery collection scheme has also been advocated by EPBA since 1997 with the adoption of their two step plan ("Two Steps Towards a Better Environment", EPBA November 1997).
  
   
• 186. 

  Stakeholders submitted that there is no link with the annual battery sales because of the longer life span of batteries (up to 15 years) and the hoarding behaviour of consumers (consumers tend to keep their batteries at home, even after the use-phase). This calculation method is favoured by EPBA.
  
   
• 187. 

  See Articles 6, fourth indent and Article 7, paragraph 1 of Directive 91/157/EC as amended.
  
   
• 188. 

  'Rechargeable Battery Management and Recycling: A Green Design Educational Module', Rebecca Lankey and Francis McMichael, 1999.
  
   
• 189. 

  'Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling Portable Nickel-Cadmium Batteries', Carl Johan Rydh and Magnus Karlström, 2002.
  
   
• 190. 

  According to Bio Intelligence, this is the percentage of recoverable materials in NiCd batteries. (see 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003, p. 59). EBRA's proposal is to set a minimum recycling of 70% by weight of nickel-cadmium batteries. With industry practices, it is estimated that up to 80% of the average weight of industrial NiCd batteries is recycled.
  
   
• 191. 

  'Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead-acid batteries for stationary energy storage', C.J. Rydh, Journal of Power Sources, 80 (1999), 21-29.
  
   
• 192. 

  See EBRA's position paper of 25 April 2003 submitted within the framework of the stakeholder consultation.
  
   
• 193. 

  In 2002, Austria collected 44% of the annual sales at a cost of EUR 1,115EUR/tonne and Belgium collected 59% of the annual sales at a cost of EUR 3,765EUR/tonne.
  
   
• 194. 

  See 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003, page 133 in a high cost scenario with a recycling input target of at least 90%.
  
   
• 195. 

  Assuming that a collection rate of 160- 200 grams per inhabitant would require an additional collection of 50.000 tonnes of portable batteries.
  
   
• 196. 

  Compare with EPBA (July 2003) which estimates that a collection of 40.000 tonnes would result in a potential cost of EUR 43 million per year.
  
   
• 197. 

  See 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003.
  
   
• 198. 

  See 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003. Bio Intelligence final report of July 2003.
  
   
• 199. 

  Comparing the range of the net recycling costs of EUR 0- EUR 300 per tonne with a costs of EUR 120 per tonne for landfilling, see also 'Impact Assessment on Selected Policy Options for Revision of the Battery Directive', Bio Intelligence 2003. Bio Intelligence final report of July 2003.
  
   
• 200. 

  This principle only applies to areas which do not fall within the Communities' exclusive competence.
  
   
• 201. 

  See Article 5 of the EC Treaty.
  
   
• 202. 

  COM(2003) 203final of 18.6.2003.
  
   
• 203. 

  COM(97)009 final.
  
   
• 204. 

  Another indicator of this could be the Power Purchasing Parities (PPP).
  
   
• 205. 

  In this context, the principles laid down in the Communication from the Commission on the Single Market and the Environment, COM (1999)263, have been taken into account.
  
   
• 206. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 207. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 208. 

  OJ C......
  
   
• 209. 

  OJ C......
  
   
• 210. 

  OJ C......
  
   
• 211. 

  Opinion of the European Parliament of .. .. ... (OJ C .......), common position of the Council of .. . .. (OJ C .....) and Decision of the European Parliament of .. .. .... (OJ C ......). .....
  
   
• 212. 

  COM(96)399 final, 30.7.1996.
  
   
• 213. 

  OJ L 78, 26.3.1991, p. 38. Directive amended by Commission Directive 98/101/EC (OJ L 1, 5.1.1999, p.
  
  1) and adapted to technical progress by Commission Directive 93/86/EEC of 4 October 1993 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 91/157/EEC (OJ L 264, 23.10.1993,51).
  
   
• 214. 

  OJ L 242, 10.9.2002, p. 1.
  
   
• 215. 

  OJ L 37/24, 13.02.2003, recital 11.
  
   
• 216. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 217. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 218. 

  OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.
  
   
• 219. 

  OJ L 269, 21.10.2000, p. 34.
  
   
• 220. 

  OJ L 37/24 of 13.2.2003.
  
   
• 221. 

  OJ L 37 13.2.2003, p.24.
  
   
• 222. 

  OJ L 144, 4.6.1997, p. 19.
  
   
• 223. 

  OJ L, 322 of 9.11.2002.
  
   
• 224. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 225. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 226. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 227. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 228. 

  OJ L 30, 6.2.1993, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation 2557/2001/EC, OJ L 349, 31.12.2001, p. 1.
  
   
• 229. 

  OJ L 166, 1.7.1999, p. 6. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation 2243/2001/EC, OJ L 303, 20.11.2001, p. 11.
  
   
• 230. 

  OJ L 185, 17.7.1999, p. 1. Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation 2243/2001/EC.
  
   
• 231. 

  OJ L 114, 24.04.2001, p.1.
  
   
• 232. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 233. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 234. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 235. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 236. 

  OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 48.
  
   
• 237. 

  See also EPBA's web site: www.epba-europe.org/ .
  
   
• 238. 

  The Freedonia Group, 'World Batteries' report, published in October 2002. EPBA estimates the growth of the battery market in tonnes at 1% per year.
  
   
• 239. 

  De Europese Commissie kent nummers toe aan officiële documenten van de Europese Unie. De Commissie maakt onderscheid in een aantal typen documenten door middel van het toekennen van verschillende nummerseries. Het onderscheid is gebaseerd op het soort document en/of de instelling van de Unie van wie het document afkomstig is.
   
• 240. 

  De Raad van de Europese Unie kent aan wetgevingsdossiers een uniek toe. Dit nummer bestaat uit een vijfcijferig volgnummer gevolgd door een schuine streep met de laatste twee cijfers van het jaartal, bijvoorbeeld 12345/00 - een document met nummer 12345 uit het jaar 2000.
   
• 241. 

  Het interinstitutionele nummer is een nummerreeks die binnen de Europese Unie toegekend wordt aan voorstellen voor regelgeving van de Europese Commissie.
  Binnen de Europese Unie worden nog een aantal andere nummerseries gebruikt. Iedere instelling heeft één of meerdere sets documenten met ieder een eigen nummering. Die reeksen komen niet overeen met elkaar of het interinstitutioneel nummer.
   
• 242. 

  Deze databank van de Europese Unie biedt de mogelijkheid de actuele werkzaamheden (workflow) van de Europese instellingen (Europees Parlement, Raad, ESC, Comité van de Regio's, Europese Centrale Bank, Hof van Justitie enz.) te volgen. EURlex volgt alle voorstellen (zoals wetgevende en begrotingsdossiers) en mededelingen van de Commissie, vanaf het moment dat ze aan de Raad of het Europees Parlement worden voorgelegd.
   
• 243. 

  Als dag van bekendmaking van een Europees besluit geldt de dag waarop het besluit in het Publicatieblad wordt bekendgemaakt, en daardoor in alle officiële talen van de Europese Unie bij het Publicatiebureau beschikbaar is.
   
• 244. 

  This legally binding act of the European Union establishes a set of objectives which all member states of the European Union must fulfil. The member states are required to implement directives. The member states are free to choose the manner they see fit to fulfil the required objectives.