Directive 2004/48 - Enforcement of intellectual property rights

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Contents

  1. Current status
  2. Key information
  3. Key dates
  4. Legislative text
  5. Original proposal
  6. Sources and disclaimer
  7. Full version
  8. EU Monitor

1.

Current status

This directive has been published on April 30, 2004, entered into force on May 20, 2004 and should have been implemented in national regulation on April 29, 2006 at the latest.

2.

Key information

official title

DIRECTIVE 2004/48/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
 
Legal instrument Directive
Number legal act Directive 2004/48
Original proposal COM(2003)46 EN
CELEX number239 32004L0048

3.

Key dates

Document 29-04-2004
Publication in Official Journal 30-04-2004; Special edition in Croatian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Romanian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Hungarian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Estonian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,OJ L 157, 30.4.2004,Special edition in Slovak: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Slovenian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Lithuanian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Polish: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Maltese: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Latvian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Bulgarian: Chapter 17 Volume 002,Special edition in Czech: Chapter 17 Volume 002
Effect 20-05-2004; Entry into force Date pub. + 20 See Art 21
End of validity 31-12-9999
Transposition 29-04-2006; At the latest See Art 20

4.

Legislative text

30.4.2004   

EN

Official Journal of the European Communities

L 157/45
 

DIRECTIVE 2004/48/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 29 April 2004

on the enforcement of intellectual property rights

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,

Having regard to the Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (1),

After consulting the Committee of the Regions,

Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty (2),

Whereas:

 

(1)

The achievement of the Internal Market entails eliminating restrictions on freedom of movement and distortions of competition, while creating an environment conducive to innovation and investment. In this context, the protection of intellectual property is an essential element for the success of the Internal Market. The protection of intellectual property is important not only for promoting innovation and creativity, but also for developing employment and improving competitiveness.
 

(2)

The protection of intellectual property should allow the inventor or creator to derive a legitimate profit from his invention or creation. It should also allow the widest possible dissemination of works, ideas and new know-how. At the same time, it should not hamper freedom of expression, the free movement of information, or the protection of personal data, including on the Internet.
 

(3)

However, without effective means of enforcing intellectual property rights, innovation and creativity are discouraged and investment diminished. It is therefore necessary to ensure that the substantive law on intellectual property, which is nowadays largely part of the acquis communautaire, is applied effectively in the Community. In this respect, the means of enforcing intellectual property rights are of paramount importance for the success of the Internal Market.
 

(4)

At international level, all Member States, as well as the Community itself as regards matters within its competence, are bound by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (the "TRIPS Agreement"), approved, as part of the multilateral negotiations of the Uruguay Round, by Council Decision 94/800/EC (3) and concluded in the framework of the World Trade Organisation.
 

(5)

The TRIPS Agreement contains, in particular, provisions on the means of enforcing intellectual property rights, which are common standards applicable at international level and implemented in all Member States. This Directive should not affect Member States' international obligations, including those under the TRIPS Agreement.
 

(6)

There are also international conventions to which all Member States are parties and which also contain provisions on the means of enforcing intellectual property rights. These include, in particular, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations.
 

(7)

It emerges from the consultations held by the Commission on this question that, in the Member States, and despite the TRIPS Agreement, there are still major disparities as regards the means of enforcing intellectual property rights. For instance, the arrangements for applying provisional measures, which are used in particular to preserve evidence, the calculation of damages, or the arrangements for applying injunctions, vary widely from one Member State to another. In some Member States, there are no measures, procedures and remedies such as the right of information and the recall, at the...


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This text has been adopted from EUR-Lex.

5.

Original proposal

 

6.

Sources and disclaimer

For further information you may want to consult the following sources that have been used to compile this dossier:

This dossier is compiled each night drawing from aforementioned sources through automated processes. We have invested a great deal in optimising the programming underlying these processes. However, we cannot guarantee the sources we draw our information from nor the resulting dossier are without fault.

 

7.

Full version

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The full version is available for registered users of the EU Monitor by ANP and PDC Informatie Architectuur.

8.

EU Monitor

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  • 1. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 2. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 3. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/munchen.htm.

     
  • 4. 
    OJ C 116, 28.4.1999, p. 35.

     
  • 5. 
    OJ C 41, 7.2.2001, p. 56.

     
  • 6. 
    COM(2000) 789 final.

     
  • 7. 
    OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.

     
  • 8. 
    First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks, OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.

     
  • 9. 
    Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs, OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.

     
  • 10. 
    Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.

     
  • 11. 
    Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs, OJ L 122, 17.5.1991, p. 42; Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property, OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61; Council Directive 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the co-ordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission, OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15; Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights, OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9; Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.

     
  • 12. 
    Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on resale rights for the benefit of the authors of original works of art, OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.

     
  • 13. 
    Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.

     
  • 14. 
    Council Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1; Regulation (EEC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products, OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.

     
  • 15. 
    Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, as last modified by Regulation (EC) No 1068/97, OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.

     
  • 16. 
    Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, COM(2002) 92 final of 20.2.2002.

     
  • 17. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark, OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 18. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights, OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 19. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs, OJ L 3, 5.01.2002, p. 1.

     
  • 20. 
    Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community patent, OJ C 337 E, 28.11.2000, p. 278.

     
  • 21. 
    It took a judgment of the Court of Justice in 1995, handed down in relation to Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, for it to be fully recognised that patents are not a field reserved for the Member States, and that the Community may adopt harmonisation measures in that field (judgment of 13.7.1995 in Spain v. Council, Case C-350/92, ECR 1995, p. I-1985).

     
  • 22. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 23. 
    Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002, OJ L 203, 1.8.2002, p. 30.

     
  • 24. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 3295/94 of 22 December 1994 laying down certain measures to prohibit the release for free circulation, export, re-export or entry for a suspensive procedure of counterfeit and pirated goods (OJ L 341, 30.12.1994, p. 8), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 241/1999 of 25 January 1999, OJ L 27, 2.2.1999, p. 1.

     
  • 25. 
    Council Decision 94/800/EC of 22 December 1994 concerning the conclusion on behalf of the European Community, as regards matters within its competence, of the agreements reached in the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations (1986-1994), OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 26. 
    In its Opinion 1/94 of 15 November 1994, the Court of Justice declared that the competence for concluding the TRIPS Agreements was shared between the Community and its Member States (ECR 1994, p. I-5267).

     
  • 27. 
    Title XVIII of the EC Treaty stresses the importance of research and technological development.

     
  • 28. 
    The importance of the cultural sector is explicitly highlighted in Article 151(4) of the EC Treaty.

     
  • 29. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, pp. 14-15

     
  • 30. 
    'Votre entreprise et la contrefaçon', KPMG, Sofres, Union des Fabricants, 1998.

     
  • 31. 
    'Economic Impact of Counterfeiting in Europe', Global Anti-Counterfeiting Group, June 2000.

     
  • 32. 
    Sixth Annual BSA Global Software.

     
  • 33. 
    Cf. footnote 30.

     
  • 34. 
    Cf. footnote 29.

     
  • 35. 
    'The economic impact of counterfeiting', Anti-Counterfeiting Group, juin 1999.

     
  • 36. 
    'The contribution of the packaged software industry to the western European economies', Business Software Alliance, May 1998.

     
  • 37. 
    europa.int/comm/internal_market/en/ indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, page 16, para. 7.2.1.

     
  • 38. 
    Cf. footnote 30.

     
  • 39. 
    Cf. footnote 34.

     
  • 40. 
    In the context of the WTO agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC), a process of gradual liberalisation was set in motion which will lead to the abolition of quantitative restrictions between WTO members by 1 January 2005.

     
  • 41. 
    Other examples were cited in the consultation: defective medical material, detergents with caustic substances, adulterated antibiotics, carcinogenic substances in clothing, low-quality motor oil, toxic alcoholic beverages, defective household electric goods, ineffective anti-rabies vaccines, defective filters for diesel engines, etc.

     
  • 42. 
    Council Directive 85/374/EECl of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products, OJ L 210, 7.8.1985, p. 29.

     
  • 43. 
    Council Directive 92/59/EEC of 29 June 1992 on general product safety, OJ L 228, 11.8.1992, p. 24, currently being revised (COM(2000) 139).

     
  • 44. 
    OJ C 124, 3.5.2000, p. 1.

     
  • 45. 
    The European Forum for the prevention of organised and economic crime is a Commission initiative aimed at organising work on crime prevention at European level. It is a framework for networking experts and launching initiatives.

     
  • 46. 
    Point 1.4.2 of the Commission Communication entitled "Protection of the Communities' financial interests - The fight against fraud: For an overall strategic approach", COM(2000) 358 final.

     
  • 47. 
    Cf. footnote 19.

     
  • 48. 
    For example, in the field of copyright: Article 7 (special measures of protection) of Directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs (cf. footnote 11); Article 12 (remedies) of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases (cf. footnote 11); Articles 6 (technological measures), 7 (rights-management information) and 8 (sanctions and remedies) of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (cf. footnote 13). In the field of industrial property: Articles 98 (sanctions) and 99 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark; Articles 89 (sanctions in actions for infringement) and 90 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 6/2002 on Community designs.

     
  • 49. 
    HR 23.2.1990, NJ 1990, 464m. nt. DWFV (Hameco) and following decisions.

     
  • 50. 
    Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd.
     
  • 51. 
    Universal City Studios Inc. v. Mukhtar
     
  • 52. 
    Art. 25(1) of the British rules of civil procedure.

     
  • 53. 
    Mareva Compania Naviera SA v. International Bulk Carriers SA
     
  • 54. 
    Articles L-332-1, L-521-1, L-615-5 and L-716-7 of the code of intellectual property.

     
  • 55. 
    Art. 289 of the code of civil procedure. The Court of Justice has had occasion to confirm the nature of this procedure as a provisional measure within the meaning of Article 50 of the TRIPS Agreement (Hermès judgment of 16 June 1998, Case C-53/96, ECR 1998, p. I-3603).

     
  • 56. 
    In this context, the recent trend in German case law towards setting more dissuasive damages should be noted. Called upon to judge a case involving the counterfeiting of designs, the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH), in a judgment of 2.11.2000, considered that the overheads could no longer be deducted from the profits made by the counterfeiter, thereby overturning case law dating from 1962 (I ZR 246/98).

     
  • 57. 
    Art. 1382 of the civil code.

     
  • 58. 
    See in particular paragraph 19 of the German trade mark law.

     
  • 59. 
    Art. 13 bis, paragraph 4, of the Benelux law on trade marks.

     
  • 60. 
    Judgment Javico v. Yves Saint Laurent of 28 April 1998, Case C-306/96 (ECR, p. I-1983 25).

     
  • 61. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 62. 
    Cf. the Directives cited in footnotes 8 to 12.

     
  • 63. 
    Opinion 1/94, Powers of the Community to conclude international agreements in the field of services and the protection of intellectual property, 15.11.1994, ECR p. I-5267, and Case C-350-92, Kingdom of Spain v. Council, 13.7.1995, ECR p. I-1985.

     
  • 64. 
    Judgment in Netherlands v. Parliament and Council of 9 October 2001, Case C-377/98. The Court concluded that:

     
  • 65. 
    See in particular the judgments of the ECJ in Nunes and de Matos of 8 July 1999, Case C-186/98 (ECR 1999, p. I-4883), Hansen of 10 July 1990, Case C-326/88 (ECR 1990, p. I-2911) and Commission v. Greece of 21 September 1989, Case 68/88 (ECR 1989, p. 2965).

     
  • 66. 
    See in particular the Unilever judgment of the ECJ handed down on 28 January 1999 in Case C-77/97 (ECR 1999, p. I-431), in which the Court stated, with regard to Directive 76/768/EEC, as amended, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products, that 'the measures which the Member States are required to take under Article 6(3) of Directive 76/768 in order to prevent advertisements which attribute to cosmetic products characteristics which those products lack must provide that such advertisements constitute a breach of the law and, in particular, a criminal offence punishable by penalties having a deterrent effect.'

     
  • 67. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 160 of 30/06/2000, p. 37); Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p. 1); Council Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on co-operation between the courts of the Member States in the taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p. 1); Council Decision 2001/470/EC of 28 May 2001 establishing a European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p. 25).

     
  • 68. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 69. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 70. 
    Cf. footnote 1.

     
  • 71. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 72. 
    OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.

     
  • 73. 
    Cf. footnote 2.

     
  • 74. 
    OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.

     
  • 75. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 76. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 77. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 78. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 79. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 80. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 81. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 82. 
    OJ C
     
  • 83. 
    OJ C
     
  • 84. 
    OJ C
     
  • 85. 
    OJ C
     
  • 86. 
    OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 87. 
    OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.

     
  • 88. 
    OJ L 13, 19.1.2000, p. 12.

     
  • 89. 
    OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.

     
  • 90. 
    OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.

     
  • 91. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 92. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 93. 
    OJ L 24, 27.1.1987, p. 36.

     
  • 94. 
    OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.

     
  • 95. 
    OJ L 160, 12.6.1989, p. 1.

     
  • 96. 
    OJ L 105, 25.4.1990, p. 9.

     
  • 97. 
    OJ L122, 17.5.1991, p. 42.

     
  • 98. 
    OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61.

     
  • 99. 
    OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15.

     
  • 100. 
    OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9.

     
  • 101. 
    OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.

     
  • 102. 
    OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.

     
  • 103. 
    OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.

     
  • 104. 
    OJ L 179, 14.7.1999, p. 1.

     
  • 105. 
    OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.

     
  • 106. 
    OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.

     
  • 107. 
    OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1.

     
  • 108. 
    OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.

     
  • 109. 
    OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.

     
  • 110. 
    OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 111. 
    OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 112. 
    OJ L 3, 5.1.2002, p. 1.

     
  • 113. 
    Cf. footnote 4.

     
  • 114. 
    Cf. footnote 1.

     
  • 115. 
    Cf. footnote 2.

     
  • 116. 
    Cf. footnote 5.

     
  • 117. 
    Cf. footnote 4.

     
  • 118. 
    Cf. footnote 3.

     
  • 119. 
    Cf. footnote 6.

     
  • 120. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 121. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 122. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/munchen.htm.

     
  • 123. 
    OJ C 116, 28.4.1999, p. 35.

     
  • 124. 
    OJ C 41, 7.2.2001, p. 56.

     
  • 125. 
    COM(2000) 789 final.

     
  • 126. 
    OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.

     
  • 127. 
    First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks, OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.

     
  • 128. 
    Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs, OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.

     
  • 129. 
    Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.

     
  • 130. 
    Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs, OJ L 122, 17.5.1991, p. 42; Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property, OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61; Council Directive 93/83/EEC of 27 September 1993 on the co-ordination of certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission, OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15; Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights, OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9; Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.

     
  • 131. 
    Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on resale rights for the benefit of the authors of original works of art, OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.

     
  • 132. 
    Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.

     
  • 133. 
    Council Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1; Regulation (EEC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products, OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.

     
  • 134. 
    Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, as last modified by Regulation (EC) No 1068/97, OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.

     
  • 135. 
    Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, COM(2002) 92 final of 20.2.2002.

     
  • 136. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark, OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 137. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 of 27 July 1994 on Community plant variety rights, OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 138. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs, OJ L 3, 5.01.2002, p. 1.

     
  • 139. 
    Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community patent, OJ C 337 E, 28.11.2000, p. 278.

     
  • 140. 
    It took a judgment of the Court of Justice in 1995, handed down in relation to Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products, for it to be fully recognised that patents are not a field reserved for the Member States, and that the Community may adopt harmonisation measures in that field (judgment of 13.7.1995 in Spain v. Council, Case C-350/92, ECR 1995, p. I-1985).

     
  • 141. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 142. 
    Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002, OJ L 203, 1.8.2002, p. 30.

     
  • 143. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 3295/94 of 22 December 1994 laying down certain measures to prohibit the release for free circulation, export, re-export or entry for a suspensive procedure of counterfeit and pirated goods (OJ L 341, 30.12.1994, p.

    8), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 241/1999 of 25 January 1999, OJ L 27, 2.2.1999, p. 1.

     
  • 144. 
    Council Decision 94/800/EC of 22 December 1994 concerning the conclusion on behalf of the European Community, as regards matters within its competence, of the agreements reached in the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations (1986-1994), OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 145. 
    In its Opinion 1/94 of 15 November 1994, the Court of Justice declared that the competence for concluding the TRIPS Agreements was shared between the Community and its Member States (ECR 1994, p. I-5267).

     
  • 146. 
    Title XVIII of the EC Treaty stresses the importance of research and technological development.

     
  • 147. 
    The importance of the cultural sector is explicitly highlighted in Article 151(4) of the EC Treaty.

     
  • 148. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, pp. 14-15

     
  • 149. 
    'Votre entreprise et la contrefaçon', KPMG, Sofres, Union des Fabricants, 1998.

     
  • 150. 
    'Economic Impact of Counterfeiting in Europe', Global Anti-Counterfeiting Group, June 2000.

     
  • 151. 
    Sixth Annual BSA Global Software.

     
  • 152. 
    Cf. footnote 30.

     
  • 153. 
    Cf. footnote 29.

     
  • 154. 
    'The economic impact of counterfeiting', Anti-Counterfeiting Group, juin 1999.

     
  • 155. 
    'The contribution of the packaged software industry to the western European economies', Business Software Alliance, May 1998.

     
  • 156. 
    europa.int/comm/internal_market/en/ indprop/piracy/piracyen.pdf, page 16, para. 7.2.1.

     
  • 157. 
    Cf. footnote 30.

     
  • 158. 
    Cf. footnote 34.

     
  • 159. 
    In the context of the WTO agreement on textiles and clothing (ATC), a process of gradual liberalisation was set in motion which will lead to the abolition of quantitative restrictions between WTO members by 1 January 2005.

     
  • 160. 
    Other examples were cited in the consultation: defective medical material, detergents with caustic substances, adulterated antibiotics, carcinogenic substances in clothing, low-quality motor oil, toxic alcoholic beverages, defective household electric goods, ineffective anti-rabies vaccines, defective filters for diesel engines, etc.

     
  • 161. 
    Council Directive 85/374/EECl of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products, OJ L 210, 7.8.1985, p. 29.

     
  • 162. 
    Council Directive 92/59/EEC of 29 June 1992 on general product safety, OJ L 228, 11.8.1992, p. 24, currently being revised (COM(2000) 139).

     
  • 163. 
    OJ C 124, 3.5.2000, p. 1.

     
  • 164. 
    The European Forum for the prevention of organised and economic crime is a Commission initiative aimed at organising work on crime prevention at European level. It is a framework for networking experts and launching initiatives.

     
  • 165. 
    Point 1.4.2 of the Commission Communication entitled "Protection of the Communities' financial interests - The fight against fraud: For an overall strategic approach", COM(2000) 358 final.

     
  • 166. 
    Cf. footnote 19.

     
  • 167. 
    For example, in the field of copyright: Article 7 (special measures of protection) of Directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs (cf. footnote 11); Article 12 (remedies) of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases (cf. footnote 11); Articles 6 (technological measures), 7 (rights-management information) and 8 (sanctions and remedies) of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (cf. footnote 13). In the field of industrial property: Articles 98 (sanctions) and 99 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark; Articles 89 (sanctions in actions for infringement) and 90 (provisional and protective measures) of Regulation No 6/2002 on Community designs.

     
  • 168. 
    HR 23.2.1990, NJ 1990, 464m. nt. DWFV (Hameco) and following decisions.

     
  • 169. 
    Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd.
     
  • 170. 
    Universal City Studios Inc. v. Mukhtar
     
  • 171. 
    Art. 25(1) of the British rules of civil procedure.

     
  • 172. 
    Mareva Compania Naviera SA v. International Bulk Carriers SA
     
  • 173. 
    Articles L-332-1, L-521-1, L-615-5 and L-716-7 of the code of intellectual property.

     
  • 174. 
    Art. 289 of the code of civil procedure. The Court of Justice has had occasion to confirm the nature of this procedure as a provisional measure within the meaning of Article 50 of the TRIPS Agreement (Hermès judgment of 16 June 1998, Case C-53/96, ECR 1998, p. I-3603).

     
  • 175. 
    In this context, the recent trend in German case law towards setting more dissuasive damages should be noted. Called upon to judge a case involving the counterfeiting of designs, the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH), in a judgment of 2.11.2000, considered that the overheads could no longer be deducted from the profits made by the counterfeiter, thereby overturning case law dating from 1962 (I ZR 246/98).

     
  • 176. 
    Art. 1382 of the civil code.

     
  • 177. 
    See in particular paragraph 19 of the German trade mark law.

     
  • 178. 
    Art. 13 bis, paragraph 4, of the Benelux law on trade marks.

     
  • 179. 
    Judgment Javico v. Yves Saint Laurent of 28 April 1998, Case C-306/96 (ECR, p. I-1983 25).

     
  • 180. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 181. 
    Cf. the Directives cited in footnotes 8 to 12.

     
  • 182. 
    Opinion 1/94, Powers of the Community to conclude international agreements in the field of services and the protection of intellectual property, 15.11.1994, ECR p. I-5267, and Case C-350-92, Kingdom of Spain v. Council, 13.7.1995, ECR p. I-1985.

     
  • 183. 
    Judgment in Netherlands v. Parliament and Council of 9 October 2001, Case C-377/98. The Court concluded that:

     
  • 184. 
    See in particular the judgments of the ECJ in Nunes and de Matos of 8 July 1999, Case C-186/98 (ECR 1999, p. I-4883), Hansen of 10 July 1990, Case C-326/88 (ECR 1990, p. I-2911) and Commission v. Greece of 21 September 1989, Case 68/88 (ECR 1989, p. 2965).

     
  • 185. 
    See in particular the Unilever judgment of the ECJ handed down on 28 January 1999 in Case C-77/97 (ECR 1999, p. I-431), in which the Court stated, with regard to Directive 76/768/EEC, as amended, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products, that 'the measures which the Member States are required to take under Article 6(3) of Directive 76/768 in order to prevent advertisements which attribute to cosmetic products characteristics which those products lack must provide that such advertisements constitute a breach of the law and, in particular, a criminal offence punishable by penalties having a deterrent effect.'

     
  • 186. 
    Council Regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 160 of 30/06/2000, p. 37); Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p.

    1); Council Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on co-operation between the courts of the Member States in the taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p.

    1); Council Decision 2001/470/EC of 28 May 2001 establishing a European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 174, 27.6.2001, p. 25).

     
  • 187. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 188. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 189. 
    Cf. footnote 1.

     
  • 190. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 191. 
    OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.

     
  • 192. 
    Cf. footnote 2.

     
  • 193. 
    OJ C 221, 7.8.2001, p. 20.

     
  • 194. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 195. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 196. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 197. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 198. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 199. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 200. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 201. 
    OJ C
     
  • 202. 
    OJ C
     
  • 203. 
    OJ C
     
  • 204. 
    OJ C
     
  • 205. 
    OJ L 336, 23.12.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 206. 
    OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.

     
  • 207. 
    OJ L 13, 19.1.2000, p. 12.

     
  • 208. 
    OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1.

     
  • 209. 
    OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.

     
  • 210. 
    europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/ en/indprop/piracyen.pdf.

     
  • 211. 
    COM(98) 569 final.

     
  • 212. 
    OJ L 24, 27.1.1987, p. 36.

     
  • 213. 
    OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 1.

     
  • 214. 
    OJ L 160, 12.6.1989, p. 1.

     
  • 215. 
    OJ L 105, 25.4.1990, p. 9.

     
  • 216. 
    OJ L122, 17.5.1991, p. 42.

     
  • 217. 
    OJ L 346, 27.11.1992, p. 61.

     
  • 218. 
    OJ L 248, 6.10.1993, p. 15.

     
  • 219. 
    OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 9.

     
  • 220. 
    OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p. 20.

     
  • 221. 
    OJ L 289, 28.10.1998, p. 28.

     
  • 222. 
    OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, p. 13.

     
  • 223. 
    OJ L 179, 14.7.1999, p. 1.

     
  • 224. 
    OJ L 167, 22.6.2001, p. 10.

     
  • 225. 
    OJ L 272, 13.10.2001, p. 32.

     
  • 226. 
    OJ L 182, 2.7.1992, p. 1.

     
  • 227. 
    OJ L 198, 8.8.1996, p. 30.

     
  • 228. 
    OJ L 156, 13.6.1997, p. 10.

     
  • 229. 
    OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 230. 
    OJ L 227, 1.9.1994, p. 1.

     
  • 231. 
    OJ L 3, 5.1.2002, p. 1.

     
  • 232. 
    Cf. footnote 4.

     
  • 233. 
    Cf. footnote 1.

     
  • 234. 
    Cf. footnote 2.

     
  • 235. 
    Cf. footnote 5.

     
  • 236. 
    Cf. footnote 4.

     
  • 237. 
    Cf. footnote 3.

     
  • 238. 
    Cf. footnote 6.

     
  • 239. 
    Deze databank van de Europese Unie biedt de mogelijkheid de actuele werkzaamheden (workflow) van de Europese instellingen (Europees Parlement, Raad, ESC, Comité van de Regio's, Europese Centrale Bank, Hof van Justitie enz.) te volgen. EURlex volgt alle voorstellen (zoals wetgevende en begrotingsdossiers) en mededelingen van de Commissie, vanaf het moment dat ze aan de Raad of het Europees Parlement worden voorgelegd.
     
  • 240. 
    EUR-lex provides an overview of the proposal, amendments, citations and legality.